<p>The South Newfane Bridge is a historic bridge, carrying Parish Hill Road across the Rock River in the village of South Newfane, Vermont. It is a Pratt through truss span, manufactured from rolled I-beams in 1939 to replace a bridge washed away in flooding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rock River is an east-flowing tributary of the West River in southeastern Vermont. It runs across southern Newfane, where the village of South Newfane is located roughly midway across the width of the town. The South Newfane Bridge spans the river in a north-south direction, connecting Dover Road on the south side to Deer Hill Road, Chapin Road, and Parish Hill Road on the north side. The bridge is a single span metal Pratt through truss, 149 ft long, with a roadway width of 13.8 ft and a portal clearance of 15 ft. The bridge is set on concrete abutments. The trusses are built primarily out of steel I-beams, which have been fastened together using bolts. A truss system supports a wooden road bed, and guard rails are bolted to the trusses.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1939, following flooding that washed away the previous bridge at the site. It was funded from a combination of local, state, and federal sources, including Works Progress Administration funds. The use of I-beams in its construction marked an evolution in bridge construction after the state&#39;s devastating 1927 floods: the I-beams were less expensive, but added weight to the structure over earlier materials.</p><br>
<p>North Fork Reservoir is a reservoir behind North Fork Dam, on the Clackamas River, upriver from Estacada.</p><br>
<h2>Location and construction</h2><br>
<p>North Fork is in Clackamas County, Oregon, and is located five miles upriver from Estacada. The dam was built in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>Named for</h2><br>
<p>North Fork Reservoir was named for the North Fork of the Clackamas that flows into the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby dams</h2><br>
<p>It is near River Mill Hydroelectric Project and Faraday Dam. Portland General Electric operates all dams and related infrastructure.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>North Fork is a popular fishing area.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>North Fork is near Portland, Oregon, is easily accessible, and is a popular recreation area. It is also a popular boating area.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Central State School is a heritage-listed state school at 251 Alfred Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built in 1933. It is also known as Mackay Intermediate School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Central State School, the second to be built on the site, was constructed in 1933 to a design from the Office of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>In search of new pastoral land, John Mackay and his party entered and named the valley of the Mackay River in 1860 (renamed Pioneer River in 1862), and the following year he returned to establish a cattle station. In 1862, the ketch "Presto" entered the Mackay River landing stores and building materials, then surveyed the river mouth, which consequently was gazetted as a Port of Entry. The first settlers arrived in October 1862, establishing the settlement of Port Mackay on the south bank of the river. By the end of 1863, the name of the river had been changed to the Pioneer River, the first survey of the town of Mackay had been made, and the first land sale of town lots had been held.</p><br>
<p>The town of Mackay soon began to prosper through the growth of the port, the nearby pastoral holdings, and the plantations along the river which included the beginnings of the local sugar industry. River Street developed as a busy waterfront precinct with wharves (the Government wharf opened in 1868), warehouses, offices, ships&#39; chandleries, boat builders, hotels and boarding houses, and the Customs complex which by 1870 included the Customs House, the bond store and the Sub Collectors residence.</p><br>
<p>The first school on the site, on which the Mackay Central State School was to be built, was opened on 14 September 1871 with 41 pupils. In 1885, when student numbers reached 650, the boys and girls were separated. The boys school remained on the original site, while the girls moved to a site across the road (now the Mackay Entertainment Centre). In 1933, the schools were reunited at the girls&#39; school site.</p><br>
<p>The present school was constructed in 1933 as the Mackay Intermediate School. In 1928, Intermediate Schools were established to provide vocational training for senior primary school students. At the completion of Grade five, children wishing to have vocational training were sent to the district&#39;s intermediate school where they followed the curriculum of sixth and seventh grades as well as compulsory vocational subjects. This policy also avoided the duplication of vocational training equipment at all primary schools. Intermediate Schools were similar in room size and plan form to existing high schools. By 1937, there were Intermediate Schools in Brisbane North (1935), Brisbane South (1929), Bundaberg (1933), Charters Towers (1929), Gatton (1933), Gympie (1933), Mackay, Maryborough Girls and Boys (1936), Mount Morgan (1929), Roma, Warwick (1929) and Ayr (1937).</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Department of Public Works, the school is architecturally typical of the style of brick schools constructed during the 1930s. Brick schools were popular with architects as they were considered permanent, relatively inexpensive to maintain and labour-intensive. It is partly for the latter reason that thirty brick schools were constructed in Queensland during the 1930s Depression, providing considerable employment relief. Typically, these schools were multi-storeyed, unlike the predominant single storey, timber school buildings. They were symmetrical in plan and usually exhibited classical style elements and featured a prominent central entry. Based on this plan, the Mackay Central State School was constructed as a purpose-built Intermediate School.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the Mackay Intermediate School was laid by the Queensland Premier and local MLA, William Forgan Smith, on 22 July 1933. The school catered for 600 male and female pupils and comprised fourteen classrooms, domestic science rooms in the eastern wing and manual science rooms in the western wing. Like similarly constructed schools, the classrooms in the Mackay Intermediate School were divided by folding timber partitions.</p><br>
<p>On completion of the building, the primary schools students moved to their new school and the Girls&#39; School became the Infants School. Students attended the Infant School from grades 1 to 5, then the Intermediate School from which they could graduate to Mackay High School.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the Infant and Intermediate Schools combined and became the Mackay Central State School. The building was extended, with a wing constructed at the rear of the building, to provide for the increased numbers of students. The extensions provided an additional three classrooms. Other buildings later constructed on the site include the pre-school and activities block.</p><br>
<p>Since 2014, the Queensland state education system converted to primary schools teaching Preparatory to 6th year with 7th to 12th year in the secondary. In 2014, as a P-6 school, Mackay Central State had an enrolment of 201 students with 14 teachers (12 full-time equivalent).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Central State School is a two-storey brick and stucco building with three projecting gable bays. Its roof is clad with corrugated iron. Between each bay the main facade is recessed. There is a single storey level section at each end with a hipped roof. The central entrance comprises a porch of three archways with a half-timbered ceiling. On the roof is an octagonal fleche which has a copper cupola roof and louvred arcading around the sides. All external windows, many original, are multi-panelled casements. The internal windows are multi-panelled sash windows with hopper ventilating top lights. Paired entry doors have four pane glazed top panels set over singular rectangular panels with deep moulded borders. Internal doors are similar, but constructed of timber only.</p><br>
<p>The school is symmetrical in design. The ground level comprised six classrooms, a teachers room and a passageway. A stove recess is still evident in the domestic science classroom in the eastern wing. There are eight class rooms on the upper floor and three of these can still be subdivided by the original folding partitions. The upstairs ceilings are half timbered and original air vents are extant throughout the building. Bathroom facilities are located at each end of both floors. The main building is reasonably intact and the original configuration of the building has been retained.</p><br>
<p>The southern and western boundary of the school grounds are planted with mature Banyan figs (Ficus benghalensis). The grounds also include mature mango trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mackay Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1933, as a former Intermediate School, the Mackay Central State School is most significant in demonstrating the results of an important development in Queensland education, established in 1928, where schools provided vocational training for senior primary school student. Evidence of a practical approach can be still seen in the extant stove recess in the domestic science room in the eastern wing of the school.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Central State School is demonstrative of a government scheme, the Unemployment Relief Scheme, implemented to assist the unemployed throughout Queensland, by means of generating work projects, during the Depression of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Further, the Mackay Central State School, is significant as one of the best examples of a purpose-built Intermediate School, the purpose for its use being clearly expressed in the fabric of the building, with the domestic science section located in the eastern wing and the manual arts section located in the western wing.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1933, the school is a good example of the types of brick schools constructed in Queensland during an era of substantial building activity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is a fine example of a two-storeyed Inter-war brick school. Due to its massing and scale, the building is a landmark in the streetscape, in keeping with the Queensland Government&#39;s 1930s policy to raise the educational status of primary education through the construction of well designed, imposing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Further, the mature boundary plantings, including Banyan figs (Ficus benghalensis) contribute to the aesthetic significance of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The grounds on which the Mackay Central State School is built has been the site of public education for over a century, and consequently, is significant for its strong association with the local community.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Creek Reservoir  is a reservoir in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It has a surface area of approximately 400 acre and is situated in Lehman Township, Jackson Township, and Plymouth Township. The lake is situated on Pikes Creek. It has a volume of approximately 3 billion gallons and is used as a water supply reservoir. As of 2013, it is inhabited by fifteen fish species. The reservoir is owned by the Pennsylvania-American Water Company, but shoreline fishing is permitted at designated spots.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology, geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation of Pikes Creek Reservoir is 1,040 ft above sea level. The lake is located approximately 5 mi northwest of the city of Wilkes-Barre.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Creek Reservoir has a surface area of 397.6 acre. It has a typical volume of approximately three billion gallons.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Creek Reservoir is in the vicinity of Pennsylvania Route 29.</p><br>
<p>A Pennsylvania American Water representative has described Pikes Creek Reservoir as "a very good source, very good quality". Water quality tests are done on the reservoir&#39;s water on a daily basis by the company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pikes Creek Reservoir was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1183732. The reservoir is also known as Pike Creek Reservoir or Ceasetown Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Creek Reservoir existed by the 1930s. In around 1932, 80 percent of the reservoir&#39;s water supply became exhausted, causing water restrictions to be put in place in Wilkes-Barre. The reservoir was opened to fishing with some limitations in 1998.</p><br>
<p>As of 2013, the Pennsylvania-American Water Company owns Pikes Creek Reservoir. In the spring of 2013, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission biologists did a fish survey of the reservoir. The main purpose of the reservoir is as a supply of potable water. The Pennsylvania-American Water Company has a facility on the reservoir capable of processing 16 million gallons of water per day, but it normally processes around 9 million galllons.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, Pikes Creek Reservoir serves a total of 70,000 customers in 14 municipalities, from Shickshinny to Wilkes-Barre. The nearby Harveys Creek is used as an emergency backup water source during droughts, although, as of 2010, it has not been needed since around 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, a total of fifteen fish species were observed in Pikes Creek Reservoir. Largemouth bass was the most common predatory fish, with 105 individuals 2 to 19 in long being caught. The most common fish species overall was bluegill; 106 bluegills were caught, with sizes ranging from 2 to 10 in. In addition to bluegills, the main panfish species in the reservoir were black crappies and yellow perch. A total of 56 black crappies measuring 8 to 15 in in length were caught, as were 43 yellow perch measuring 10 to 15 in in length. Walleyes were also common; 55 walleyes between 10 and in length were caught. Other fish species included white sucker (34 individuals caught), chain pickerel (32 individuals caught), brown bullhead (25 individuals caught), and yellow bullhead (20 individuals caught). Other species were less common in the reservoir, including smallmouth bass (ten individuals caught), channel catfish (three individuals caught), golden shiner (two individuals caught), green sunfish (one individual caught), and bluespotted sunfish (one individual caught).</p><br>
<p>The second-heaviest reported yellow perch caught in 2009 was caught in Pikes Creek Reservoir; it was 15.5 in long and weighed 34 oz.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania-American Water Company permits shoreline fishing on Pikes Creek Reservoir in designated areas. However, ice fishing, boating, wading, and swimming are forbidden in the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Court House and Police Station is a heritage-listed courthouse and police station at 67 Victoria Street and  14 Brisbane Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1886 to 1963. It is also known as Mackay Court House and Mackay Police Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site has been associated with the police and judiciary in Mackay since the 1860s. Although buildings were erected and removed during the 19th and 20th centuries as the site developed, the major buildings remain and include the police station, built as a court house in 1886, the current court house, built in 1938, and two brick police residences from 1936-7. A 1960s watch house and keeper&#39;s residence are also on this site.</p><br>
<p>The town of Mackay is named for John Mackay who entered the valley of the Pioneer River in 1860 and established a pastoral run there in the following year. In 1862 a settlement was begun on the south bank of the river and by 1863, the township had been surveyed and the first lots of land sold. It was gazetted as a port of entry and a customs house was opened. The town prospered as a port and as a commercial and administrative centre, drawing business from nearby pastoral holdings and the sugar cane plantations being developed along the river. There were 2 police constables in Mackay by late 1863.</p><br>
<p>1864 was the year in which a centralised police force under a Commissioner was inaugurated by Act of Parliament. It replaced a system of police districts where constables were under the direction of local magistrates and marked the beginning of a modern police force in Queensland. The government faced the problem of policing a huge area with a scattered population on a limited budget. Transport also posed problems, especially before the development of reliable roads and a railway network. The situation was addressed by instituting a system of regional courts served by visiting magistrates or judges and which had police offices, accommodation and lock-up facilities on the same site. The first report of the Commissioner of Police in 1865 recommended cutting costs and improving efficiency by combining police and judiciary functions in the same building. Because police travelled on horseback, the provision of stables and a paddock for police horses was necessary, so that police reserves for all these purposes were gazetted in major towns.</p><br>
<p>A police watch house was built in Mackay in 1865 at the northern end of the current site and a Police Magistrate was appointed to serve the district. In 1872 a simple timber courthouse with a shingled roof was constructed. It was built near the Customs House rather than the police facilities and was inadequate from the beginning. A new courthouse was built in 1873 to the south of the lock-up and was soon extended, reflecting the speed with which the area was developing. A police station was constructed in 1878-1879 comprising cells and barracks.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s saw an expansion in police numbers and in court cases as the Queensland economy enjoyed a boom and people poured into the colony. Police numbers were expanded and police and judiciary facilities constructed at such a pace that it became difficult to obtain suitably qualified contractors. The sugar industry was also booming and Mackay was amongst those regional centres where substantial new court houses were erected. In 1884 contracts for a new court house were prepared following the construction of new police stables and lock-up keeper&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>The new court house was designed by noted architect John James Clark, who was at the time Queensland Colonial Architect. Clark was born and trained in Liverpool, England. He arrived in Melbourne in 1853 and won a number of architectural competitions, his success in such competitions being a feature of his career. He designed some major public buildings in Melbourne, including the Treasury. He moved to Sydney in 1881 and in 1883 had become Queensland Colonial Architect. Although he left the position in 1885, he was responsible for some important public buildings including courthouses at Charters Towers, Rockhampton and Warwick. They and the Mackay court house were designed in the classical revival style thought appropriate for public buildings intended to convey a sense of stability and dignity, particularly a court house which represented the power of the law. The contractor for the work was Denis Kelleher and the cost on completion, including a strong room and furniture, was £4499/8/7. The court house was a single storey building with rooms extended to each side of the front entrance containing barristers and witnesses&#39; rooms and which were later extended by one room on each side. Behind the bench were rooms for the judge, police magistrates, Clerk of Petty Sessions and Jury. It was opened on 27 May 1886 and the first local sitting of the Supreme Court was held on 15 June 1886.</p><br>
<p>A new gaol at North Mackay was completed in 1888 and facilities at the police complex and court complex improved with quarters for the police sergeant proposed in 1889 and police quarters in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Although suffering a devastating cyclone in 1918, Mackay enjoyed a period of substantial growth through the 1920s and 1930s. It was the fastest growing town in Queensland, its population doubling between 1920 and 1940. This was largely because its connection to the railway system in 1924 improved access to markets and reduced transport costs, thus boosting not only the sugar industry but the developing dairy and tourist industries. The growth of the region was supported by local Member and Premier of Queensland William Forgan Smith and important improvements were made to the infrastructure of the town and harbour. Although Mackay enjoyed prosperity, the country as a whole endured widespread unemployment during the Depression years and extensive public works programs were put in place to alleviate this.</p><br>
<p>New police residences were designed in 1935. The inspectors residence was built in 1936 and the watch house keepers quarters in 1937, the difference in designation a subtle reflection of rank, although the buildings are very similar. They are unusual in that they are constructed of brick, although this may have been connected with the availability of good local bricks. They have the short passage and asymmetrical room plan typical of 1930s houses in the south, but which was modern for Mackay where many houses of a similar size were still built with central passage layouts. The residences are of a better quality than comparable police residences in other regional centres and represent a dramatic improvement from early police accommodation which was often cramped and inadequate. The size and quality of these ancillary buildings reflects not only the prestige accorded to these officers, but the prosperity of Mackay and the importance of its court and police station to the region.</p><br>
<p>The next phase of the upgrading of the police and judicial complex was the construction of a large and handsome court house to replace the 19th century court house which had long been inadequate. At the time Andrew Baxter Leven was Queensland Government Architect. Leven was trained in Scotland and arrived in Queensland in 1911, working in Queensland and in New South Wales until 1914 when he became a draughtsman in the Public Works Department. By 1923 he was Assistant Architect and Chief Architect between 1933 and 1951. For 22 years he was the government representative on the Board of Architects, being Chairman for the last ten years. His office was responsible for the design of a number of public buildings in the Georgian Revival style. The Mackay Court House is amongst the grandest of these buildings with handsome internal detailing including panelled offices. The Court was also designed to accommodate other important government functions such as the office of the Lands Commissioner. The foundation stone was laid on 31 March 1938 by Premier Forgan Smith. The new court house addressed Victoria Street where the first police lock-up had been and thus provided the main street with an imposing public building.</p><br>
<p>The old court house became a police station after the court moved to its new premises effecting a reversal of zones of usage across the complex. It underwent additions and modifications for this purpose in 1940-1941, which extended the rear and created an upper level to part of the building to provide accommodation and a recreation room.</p><br>
<p>Plans were drawn in 1961 for a new cell block and facilities by Architect in Association Colin Tesch and the new watch house was constructed in 1962-1963 at a cost of £35,140. It is designed in the International Modernist style developed in Europe about twenty years before, which makes this a late example, though perhaps not in the local context. It was built as part of a surge of post-war development in response to growth in the population and economy and following the lifting of restrictions imposed on building during and immediately after World War II. A new watch house keeper&#39;s residence, costing £4387, was built adjoining the existing residence at the same time.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the demolition of the police station was proposed, but the people of Mackay strongly supported retention of the building, which underwent refurbishment in 1990-1991 as did the 1938 Court House. A large new police building on site includes a watch house, the old one being used now mainly for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The court house and police complex is situated in the central business district of Mackay on the corner of Victoria and Brisbane Streets.</p><br>
<h3>Police station (former court house)</h3><br>
<p>The Police Station (former Court House) is a classical revival building of rendered brick scribed to resemble stonework and is set well back from the street. The majority of the building rises to 2 storeys and the roof is clad with corrugated fibrous cement sheeting. The street entrance features an arcaded Tuscan order portico with 3 bays separated by square pilasters rising through 2 stories to the triangular pediment, which has a circular louvred vent in its centre. Three square windows are located in the spandrel over the arches, each with a moulded frame all around. This entrance is flanked by single storey wings which continue the arcaded effect with arched windows, now filled with glass louvres. The windows in the upper storey and the side windows and porches on the lower storeys are shaded by sun hoods on cast iron brackets. Windows were double hung and timber framed: some of these have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>There is a tall brick chimney set back from each side of the entrance serving the corner fireplaces in the former female witnesses room and barristers room. A third chimney rises at the rear. Internally, the courtroom space is now occupied by offices although the ground floor plan is actually little changed.</p><br>
<h3>Court house</h3><br>
<p>The court house is a two-storey Georgian Revival building constructed of face brick with rendered detail. It has two hipped roof bays flanking a parapeted Tuscan giant order colonnade, with paired cement rendered concrete columns and a wrought iron balustrade. The rear elevation also has a two-storey verandah supported on Tuscan order columns with iron balustrading between. The high hipped main roof is clad in fibrous cement tiles and is topped by a fleche centred over an octagonal well in the first floor vestibule. The Brisbane Street elevation has a pedimented parapet with a circular louvred vent set in the gable. The building has multiple paned sash windows which are shaded by sun hoods on the lower floor. The interiors are well preserved and the entry and stair halls and the vestibule are panelled with polished silky oak, the floor being finished with coloured terrazzo.</p><br>
<h3>Police residences</h3><br>
<p>The police residences are a pair of brick bungalows prominently sited fronting Brisbane Street. They have hipped roofs; that of the Inspectors Residence being clad in corrugated iron and that of the keepers residence in corrugated fibrous cement sheeting. Each has a projecting gabled room to the front with a bay window under a strongly defined gable end. Although such gables are a feature of this style, they visually echo the triangular pediment of the police station which they serve. The front entrance is from a small verandah with timber balustrading which is approached by low timber steps. The windows are paired casements. The houses are not identical although similar in form, and the floor plans differ, presumably to suit the use of the first tenants. The interiors still reflect the era in which they were built, although the inspector&#39;s house has been fitted out as an office. Both houses have hardwood floors, plastered walls and fibrous plaster ceilings with decorative mouldings.</p><br>
<h3>Watch house</h3><br>
<p>The watch house is 2 storey, rectangular in plan and is constructed of brick and patterned concrete blocks to an asymmetrical but balanced design. The main floor is elevated with undercroft car parking. Both levels are now used principally for storage. The northern wing is of face brick featuring boldly framed deep set square windows and houses a staircase, records and storage. It is linked to the main block by a lower, recessed section with a textured wall finish and slot glazing. The main block is screened by patterned Besser blocks. The interior is severely utilitarian in finish.</p><br>
<p>The watch keepers residence is an extension of the 1935 keepers residence and is similar in style on the exterior although the interior is more typical of its era and has an open plan layout.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mackay Court House and Police Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The complex which contains the current and former court houses, police residences and other police buildings, illustrates several patterns important in understanding the development of Queensland. As the site of a court and police station which developed through the late 19th and 20th centuries in response to changes to legislation, population and the administration of justice, it illustrates the way in which the legal system was implemented and administered. This is individually and collectively reflected in the buildings on site. The quality of the buildings, in design and material, also illustrates the importance of Mackay as a regional centre, both in the 1880s when sugar was booming, and during the period between the World Wars when Mackay was the fastest growing town in Queensland. The 1930s buildings are major examples of buildings constructed as part of the public works program undertaken by the Labor government during the Depression to alleviate unemployment.</p><br>
<p>As major public works, the court houses are important in the life and work of government architects JJ Clark and AB Leven, both architects of distinction, who made an important contribution to the development of architecture in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The buildings on the site and the relationship between them, the fabric and design of the buildings and the extensive documentation connected with them are important because of their potential to provide information on both the city and the law which served it.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The two court houses in particular are fine examples of public buildings of their era and are excellent representatives of the high quality work produced by the office of the government architect.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As substantial and prominently sited public buildings, of architectural merit, they make an important visual contribution to the character of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The court house and police complex have had a long connection with the people of Mackay and the surrounding district as the focus for the administration of justice in the area.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Customs House is a heritage-listed customs house at 31 River Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. The design is attributed to John Smith Murdoch and the builder was MS Caskie. It was completed in April 1902. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Customs House was completed in April 1902. The design of the building is attributed to John Smith Murdoch, District Architect with the Queensland Public Works Department, and it was constructed by MS Caskie for the tender price of £3797/18/0.</p><br>
<p>In search of new pastoral land, John Mackay and his party entered and named the valley of the Mackay River in 1860 (renamed Pioneer River in 1862), and the following year he returned to establish a cattle station. In 1862, the ketch "Presto" entered the Mackay River landing stores and building materials, then surveyed the river mouth, which consequently was gazetted as a Port of Entry. The first settlers arrived in October 1862, establishing the settlement of Port Mackay on the south bank of the river. In January 1863, John Tanner Baker was appointed Sub Collector of Customs for the new port (Baker also acted as Harbour Master and Magistrate). He arrived in February setting up in a tent, but soon established the Customs Office in a corner of the large store of Byrnes, Basset and Co. located on the riverbank. By the end of 1863, the name of the river had been changed to the Pioneer River, the first survey of the town of Mackay had been made, and the first land sale of town lots had been held.</p><br>
<p>It was soon obvious better premises were needed for the Queensland Customs Service in Mackay, and in 1864, £1000 was allocated for a new building. By May 1865 the Queensland Colonial Architect reported that the new timber Mackay Customs House had been completed. It was located on the corner of a large "Reserve for Government Buildings", overlooking the river.</p><br>
<p>The town of Mackay soon began to prosper through the growth of the port, the nearby pastoral holdings, and the plantations along the river which included the beginnings of the local sugar industry. River Street developed as a busy waterfront precinct with wharves (the Government wharf opened in 1868), warehouses, offices, ships&#39; chandleries, boat builders, hotels and boarding houses, and the Customs complex which by 1870 included the Customs House, the bond store and the Sub Collectors residence.</p><br>
<p>By 1895, agitation had begun for a new Customs House befitting Mackay&#39;s prosperity and importance. Lacking funds, the Government constructed a timber extension to the existing building. The community protested, pointing out that these extensions contravened legislation and should have been of non-combustible materials. The agitation for a new Customs House continued, and in 1900 drawings for a new brick building were prepared and tenders called.</p><br>
<p>The design of the Mackay Customs House is attributed to JS Murdoch, District Architect Northern Division for the Queensland Works Department. At this time, Alfred Barton Brady was Queensland Government Architect and Acting Under Secretary of the Works Department (as shown on the tender notice), and Thomas Pye was District Architect Southern Division, and they both may have had input into the design. Under this team, the Government Architects Office produced many of Queenslands finest public buildings, including a number for the new Commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>JS Murdoch was also responsible for the Customs Houses of Maryborough, Bundaberg and Townsville, which exhibit some similarities in style to that of Mackay. He later joined the Commonwealth Government where he was involved in the planning of Canberra and the design of the provisional Parliament House and the Canberra Hotel, and rose to the positions of Chief Architect and Commonwealth Director-General of Works.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Customs House was completed in April 1902. It was reported as featuring locally made bricks, cement and plaster finishing, rolled galvanised iron roof, wood and zinc ceilings, and joinery and fittings of cedar. The original timber Customs House was moved sideways to become the front portion of the adjacent Second Officer&#39;s Quarters.</p><br>
<p>The original Reserve for Government Buildings was divided into the Customs House Reserve and the Post and Telegraph Reserve. In 1905, the Commonwealth subdivided the Customs Reserve further, returning the portion which included the Quarters to the State. Also in 1905, palm trees were planted to the north and the east of the Customs House.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the Commonwealth Bank leased the Customs House for 10 years, moving the Customs Service back into the adjacent timber building. The Customs House has since been altered several times for multiple occupancy, housing various other government departments. The brick Bond Store, on the south-east corner of the site addressing Sydney Street, was constructed about 1935.</p><br>
<p>Following the devastating cyclone of 1918, Mackay enjoyed a period of substantial growth through the 1920s and 1930s. Local member and Premier of Queensland William Forgan Smith promoted Mackay&#39;s development, strongly supporting the Mackay Harbour Project and the Sydney Street bridge replacement. The first Sydney Street bridge, completed in 1887, was the second bridge across the river at Mackay, but for some time lead to nowhere. Located adjacent to the Customs House, it marked the "head of navigation" of the Pioneer River. The new bridge was completed in 1938, increasing traffic along Sydney Street to North Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The inadequacy of the river port had been recognised by 1914. In 1939, the new Mackay Outer Harbour was opened, and the services of the river port gradually transferred to the new harbour. Apart from the Customs House and the Bond Store, only a few of the buildings of the former river port still survive. In 1969-70, extensions were made to the rear of the Customs House. In the late 1980s, conservation and restoration works were undertaken, reversing some of the alterations which had been made to the interior of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Customs House was sold to Alman Partners, a financial planning firm. In 2006, Alman Partners was awarded the Mackay City Council Heritage Award for their restoration of the building, which they continue to use as offices for their financial planning practice.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Customs House is a single storey brick building located at the corner of Sydney and River Streets, Mackay on the southern bank of the Pioneer River. It sits diagonally across the property, addressing the street corner and facing north-east towards the river mouth and the remaining buildings of the river port. Sydney Street continues north from this intersection as the Forgan Bridge across the river to North Mackay.</p><br>
<p>At the centre of the symmetrical plan of this building is the Customs Office or Long Room. To the front is the semi-circular public area with encircling colonnade, and to each side are offices, separated from the Long Room by a corridor. At the rear is an enclosed verandah, from which open several utility rooms including toilets and the strong room.</p><br>
<p>The elevations are also formal in composition, and predominantly symmetrical. The corrugated steel roof is highly modelled, with decorative timber gablets and rafter ends. The external walls are tuck-pointed red brick to the mid-height of the double-hung windows which have decorative metal security grills placed in place, with "roughcast" stucco panels with brick quoining above.</p><br>
<p>Raised several steps above the ground, the curved entrance colonnade has columns of Doric order supporting a moulded entablature. At its centre is a raised parapet with the Royal coat of arms in relief at its centre. From this colonnade, there is access to the public area through two pairs of French doors with leadlight glass panels, and access to the staff areas through timber panelled doors. The owners have undertaken some minor works including the removal of metal grill gates at the top of the steps to the colonnade entrance, and replaced these with slate grey, steel framed doors with full glazing panels.</p><br>
<p>Dividing the public area from the Long Room is a moulded archway and a panelled cedar counter. The Long Room is a double-height symmetrical space with semi-circular clerestory windows to each side, decorative pressed metal ceiling, and plaster mouldings to the opening surrounds. The interior of the building has plaster walls and varnished cedar joinery including doors, architraves and skirtings. Apart from the Long Room and the public area, the ceilings are tongue-and-groove timber boarding.</p><br>
<p>To the south-east corner of the site is the former bond store. It is a rectangular single-storey building, which addresses Sydney Street with a gabled parapet and awning over the footpath. The external walls are rendered masonry, and feature stucco panels to the upper sections reflecting the detail of the Customs House. To the rear of the site is a garage building, with a central bay of brick and lean-to additions enclosed in steel mesh to either side.</p><br>
<p>To both street frontages is a timber picket and rail fence with brick corner posts. The garden has palm trees, lawns and concrete paths, with a bitumen car parking area at the rear of the site</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mackay Customs House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1902, the Mackay Customs House is located on the site of Mackays first Customs House constructed in 1865. Community agitation resulted in the earlier timber building being replaced by a new brick structure befitting Mackays prosperity at that time. Originally part of a Government Reserve surveyed soon after the settlement of Mackay, the site has been associated with the Customs Service for over 130 years. Located on the southern bank of the Pioneer River, the Mackay Customs House faces north-east towards the river mouth, and the precinct of the former river port of which it is one of few surviving structures. The Customs House also addresses the approach to the Forgan Bridge, which marked the head of navigation of the river.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Customs House was constructed in the first years of the new Commonwealth for Commonwealth use. It uses the architectural language of a domestic style of the period, sometimes termed "Federation", which was part of a broader movement searching for a cultural identity for the new nation. As the office of the Australian Customs Service in Mackay for a century, it displays the coat of arms in relief on the front parapet, and its central and grandest space is the Long Room, which is a symbolic and traditional element of a Customs House. The Bond Store which is an important part of a functioning customs house remains on the site adjacent to the Customs House. The exterior and interior of the building are substantially as they were when constructed. Exterior features include the curved entrance colonnade, "roughcast" stucco panels, gable treatments and tuck pointed brickwork. The interior has decorative metal and boarded ceilings, moulded plaster wall decoration and panels, leadlight door panels, cedar joinery, and clerestory windows to the Long Room.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The design of the building is attributed to JS Murdoch, District Architect with the Queensland Works Department, during a period when many great public buildings in Queensland were designed by that office under AB Brady and Thomas Pye. It shows a high degree of technical competence, successfully combining picturesque qualities and domestic scale with the traditional formality of government buildings. Along with several contemporary Customs Houses, it is one of the few Queensland public buildings of that style. Murdoch later had a successful architectural career with the Commonwealth government, playing a substantial role in the development of early Canberra.</p><br>
<p>Mackay General Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Cemetery Road, West Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Henry Fitzgerald and built in 1865 onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay General Cemetery was the Mackay region&#39;s principal cemetery and is one of the earliest regional cemeteries in Queensland. Its site was surveyed by licensed surveyor and Mackay identity Thomas Henry Fitzgerald (owner of the Alexandra sugar plantation) in late 1865. Closed to new burials in the 1990s, it is the burial place of about 15,500 people.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was surveyed soon after the township of Mackay was established on the banks of the Pioneer River. The first town allotments were sold in 1863 about two years after the Pioneer Valley began to be settled by pastoralists. Fitzgerald considered that the cemetery site was suitable because, as he stated, it was:"nearly a mile from the town boundary. The greater portion of it is quite dry and rich black soil in which it will be very easy to dig graves."The earliest documented burial in the cemetery occurred in July 1866. The Mackay deaths register, in which that burial is recorded, notes two earlier burials (October 1864 and June 1865) there. It is possible that these occurred at the Mackay General Cemetery before it was officially surveyed; however, it is more likely that they took place at one of the cemeteries that ceased to be used after the General Cemetery was opened. Mackay General Cemetery is one of the earliest major cemeteries in the region, being contemporary to South Rockhampton Cemetery (1860) and West End Cemetery at Townsville (1865).</p><br>
<p>From the 1870s, the cemetery was divided into sections according to religious denomination and included an "alien section" (for those with other beliefs). This typical feature of cemeteries established in late Victorian times was a vestige of the control formerly by the Church of England (now known as the Anglican Church) over burials which originally took place in churchyards. Initially in Australia, the Anglican Church had control of public cemeteries. This situation was disputed by other denominations and began to change from the 1820s with the establishment of denominational areas within cemeteries. Then, from the 1840s, culminating in the Queensland Cemeteries Act 1865, government legislated for the transfer of responsibility for administration of cemeteries from the church to an appointed board of trustees. Typically, cemeteries established from the late 20th century have not retained denominational divisions.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Cemetery Trust was appointed in 1870 and on 4 April 1873 the rules and regulations for the Mackay Cemetery were gazetted. The first trustees were local luminaries Thomas Henry Fitzgerald, John Spiller (Pioneer Plantation), David Hay Dalrymple (Mayor of Mackay), George Smith and William McBryde (Secretary). The cemetery continued to operate under a board of trustees until 1934 when legislation was introduced that handed the control of cemeteries to the local authorities.</p><br>
<p>The general layout of the cemetery began to take shape from 1877 when tenders were called for cemetery roads; the present main road into the shelter shed dates to 1882. The Camphor Laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) that line the main central road date to 1899. Fences, lych-gate, mortuary chapel and iron gates were also erected in the late 19th century, but none of these are extant. Buildings in the cemetery including the tool shed and shelter shed date from the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the Mackay General Cemetery is typical of that employed in late Victorian cemeteries both in Australia and Britain, which were strongly influenced by the principles of the cemetery design movement encapsulated in the book by horticultural journalist, author and landscape architect, John Claudius Loudon, On the laying out, planting and managing of cemeteries (1843). Above all Loudon recommended a practical approach to cemetery design that was responsive to the nature of the selected site; so on level sites formal layouts of orthogonal grave rows, walks and drives were employed, while on hilly sites broad sweeps were used to ease gradients. Other standard features included a central carriageway lined by evergreen trees, as were other paths in preference to groupings of trees, leading to a focal structure in the centre of the cemetery, use of plant species with some symbolism related to death or mourning, and a grid pattern of graves accessible by paths or roadways. The aesthetic qualities of these layouts represented a shift in the preferred balance of formal and informal elements within the cemetery landscape towards an increased degree of formality and often symmetry, which had a practical advantage in being easier and less expensive to lay out.</p><br>
<p>The wide variety of elaborate monuments was also a feature of late Victorian cemeteries and reflected popular taste at the time. From the interwar period the trend was towards simpler more economical monuments and away from curbing and fenced plots. This trend culminated in the development of low maintenance lawn cemeteries after World War II with plaques set close to, or flush with the ground. An exception to this trend was the reappearance, towards the end of the 20th century, of more elaborate monuments associated with some ethnic populations.</p><br>
<p>The variety of monuments and inscriptions reflects the changing demography of the Mackay region from its earliest days until the closure of the cemetery in the 1990s. A range of ethnic and cultural groups came to Mackay to work in the region&#39;s main industry: sugar cane growing and processing.</p><br>
<p>Sugar cane was introduced to the Mackay area in 1863 and soon developed into a major industry. By 1872 Mackay mills produced 40 per cent of the total Queensland sugar production and 37 per cent of its rum. Heavy regulation of the sugar industry from 1915 ensured the prosperity of the region. It has become one of Queenslands main sugar cane growing areas and produces about a third of the sugar in Queensland. The state produces most of the nations sugar.</p><br>
<p>South Sea Islanders were the earliest and most numerous of the ethnic groups who came to the region to work in the sugar industry. First brought to the Mackay area to provide cheap manual labour in the 1860s, they remained a major presence until the trade in Islander labour ceased in 1904. Mackay hosted the largest population of South Sea Islanders in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Other ethnic groups employed in the sugar industry included Javanese (from the 1880s), Singhalese (Sri Lankans) (from the 1880s), Japanese, and southern Europeans, notably Maltese (from 1912) and Italians. Over 1000 Japanese migrated to Australia between 1888 and 1901 to work in the sugar cane industry; for a short time in the 1890s a Japanese consular official was established in Townsville. Chinese and Indians were also a presence, as in most other places in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains South Sea Islander, Japanese, Javanese (Muslim) and Singhalese graves. The Japanese graves date to the early 20th century. South Sea Islander graves in the cemetery include that of Kwailiu Fatana&#39;ona (John Fatnahoona), who was recruited from Malaita in the Solomon Islands to work in the cane fields of the Mackay district and was buried in 1904 aged 40 years. The Muslim graves include a slab design finished with decorative tiles in a manner that is typically Indonesian. There are also Italian and Maltese graves. For some of these ethnic groups, particularly the Japanese and Javanese, graves are the only extant physical evidence of their presence in the Mackay region between the late 19th and early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also contains a number of graves of early identities in the region. The graves of people associated with the establishment of the sugar industry include plantation and mill owners, Gustav Muller of Hilldale, Charles Walker of the Dumbleton Plantation, Charles King of Meadowlands Plantation and Mill, William Williams of the Lorne Plantation, and James Carey of the Racecourse Mill.</p><br>
<p>Other notable burials include monuments for: Andrew Diehm who accompanied the explorer William Landsborough on his explorations of the Burdekin and Bowen area; Houston Stewart Dalrymple Hay, the Harbour Master and Pilot for Mackay in the 1870s for whom Dalrymple Bay and Hay Point are named; and former mayors of Mackay including Henry Black (after whom Blacks Beach is named) who held the office three times. Many of the district&#39;s early clergy are buried in the cemetery including the Catholic priest, Father Pierre-Marie Bucas (after whom Bucasia was named).</p><br>
<p>In the early 1950s the Pioneer Shire Council decided to close the Mackay General Cemetery and to open a new cemetery in Brickworks Court, Glenella, on the north side of the Pioneer River. The first burial at the new cemetery took place on 11 September 1951. Following subsequent burials it was discovered that the soil at the Glenella was not suitable for burials and the council decided to re-open the Mackay General Cemetery for a further two years. The last burial took place at Glenella on 17 June 1952. In 1953 the Council exhumed more than 60 bodies from it and re-interred them in the Mackay General Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s it was decided that no further plots would be sold in the Mackay General Cemetery. Walkerston to the south-west of Mackay remains open for those who wish to bury their deceased loved ones and to erect burial vaults; otherwise the Mount Bassett Lawn Cemetery, opened in 1953, has replaced the Mackay General Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay General Cemetery is an 8.9 hectare reserve, located west of the inner city area of Mackay at the far western end of Shakespeare Street. It is bounded by Hume Street to the west, Cemetery Road to the south, Holland Street to the east, and to the north by cane fields that extend to the Pioneer River. The part of the reserve determined to be of cultural heritage significance is that used for burials, excluding the north-west corner where crops are being grown and there are no burials. The site is largely flat apart from a gully near the western end that contains a drain way. The main entrance is from Holland Street, at the intersection with Shakespeare Street. From here a curving central drive runs west through the centre of the cemetery, lined with trees on one side. The edges of the cemetery are unfenced; however rows of trees line the footpaths on the southern and eastern sides. The only buildings on the site are a shelter shed, located adjacent to the central drive in the centre of the cemetery, and some recent sheds.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is laid out in a grid and subdivided into denominational sections, with specific areas designated for Church of England/Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran and Catholic burials. A section for minority and ethnic based religions is located in the far western corner. Newer burial sections are located north of the central drive, while a series of grass roadways run north-south between the denominational sections, linking the central drive with Cemetery Road.</p><br>
<p>A variety of monuments are found throughout the cemetery, including upright slabs, obelisks, crosses, angels, urns and bibles. They are constructed in a variety of styles and materials and feature a wide range of inscriptions in a number of languages. Headstones are made of marble, sandstone, iron, granite, and concrete. Grave surrounds include iron fencing or lacework but are predominantly concrete. Monuments and grave surrounds in the protestant sections are generally painted white.</p><br>
<p>An unusual locally made monument is a memorial to several members of the Cameron family. This elaborate cast iron, classical style aedicule is surmounted by a cross. Other monuments of note include several smaller cast-iron grave markers with iron lacework borders. These rectangular panels have inscriptions in relief, frequently laid out in wavy lines. More recent headstones and graves are less ornate, such as slab and desk variations.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of Muslim graves in the cemetery. One of these consists of a raised slab clad with ornate ceramic tiles; it has a diamond shaped headstone. Two others each consist of a concrete slab with small, simple upright headstone at each end.</p><br>
<p>The graveyard population comprises a wide variety of people including returned soldiers, Aboriginal people, South Sea Islanders, Japanese, Javanese, German, Maltese, Italian, French, English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The work of a number of monumental masons is represented in the Mackay General Cemetery. The majority of mason-marked graves indicate that most people contracted the firm of Melrose and Fenwick. Other masons represented include J. Hanson of Sydney, J. Petrie & Son of Brisbane and of Townsville, A.L. Petrie of Toowong, F.M. Downes, Bowser Co Ltd., Brett & Nott, A.M. Rappell of Mackay, Jaceurs & Son of Royal Park Melbourne, B. & H. Jennings of Rockhampton, Lowther & Sons, W. Robertson & Co. of Mackay, J. Simmonds of Brisbane, C.M. & C. Mackay Iron Works and F.M. Allan of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>A number of war graves plaques have been placed on the graves of Australian servicemen by the Australian War Graves Commission. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission record two servicemen of World War I and ten of World War II as being buried here.</p><br>
<p>Plantings throughout the cemetery are largely confined to the perimeter and central drive. An avenue of mature Camphor Laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) lines the northern side of the central drive. A cluster of other mature trees are found along the Holland Street boundary, north of the main entrance. A few lone trees are also randomly located in some burial sections (such as Methodist section no.1).</p><br>
<p>The shelter shed has a rectangular hipped roof, clad in corrugated iron and supported by square posts. Decorative arches span between the posts and a solid balustrade runs along the north and south edges with timber bench seating along the inner face.</p><br>
<p>A wide, grassy gully, with concrete drain at the bottom, separates Methodist section No.3 and Catholic section No.2 near the western end of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Views of farmland are obtained to the north, forming a picturesque backdrop to viewing the cemetery. Other picturesque effects are created by the curving central drive with its avenue of trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mackay General Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay General Cemetery is one of the earliest cemeteries established in the Mackay Whitsunday region (1865), and having been in continuous use for more than 140 years until the 1990s when it closed, remains its largest. The cemetery therefore provides important evidence of the history and demography of this key sugar producing region (one of Queensland&#39;s oldest and largest) in particular its cultural and ethnic diversity.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains the graves of people from a range of the ethnic groups employed by the sugar industry through time, including South Sea Islanders, Javanese, Singhalese (Sri Lankans), Japanese, Maltese and Italians. For some of these groups, the graves in this cemetery are the only extant physical evidence of their presence in the Mackay region between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is also important in demonstrating the evolution of burial practices over this period. The progressive layering, development and diversity of styles of memorialisation within the cemetery document changing attitudes to death and fashions in funerary ornamentation since the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The chief cemetery of Queensland&#39;s oldest and largest sugar producing region, Mackay General Cemetery is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a late 19th century public cemetery in continuous use for more than 140 years. These comprise: its denominational divisions including an alien section intended for non-Christian burials, the layout of graves in a grid divided by paths and roadways, the central carriageway lined by evergreen trees, and the variety of monuments illustrating a range of religious and cultural preferences through time. These key characteristics combine to create an atmosphere of repose and reflection, a quality recognised as important to properly honouring and remembering the dead by many Queenslanders.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains examples of a range of key monumental styles dating from the late 19th century until the 1990s. These include the ornate Cameron monument, made locally from cast iron, and the work of numerous monumental masons from throughout Queensland represented there.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid of Reherishefnakht is the tomb of the ancient Egyptian official Reherishefnakht. It is located in south Saqqara and was built right next to the Pyramid of the 6th Dynasty Pharaoh Pepi I. Reherishefnakht&#39;s pyramid however was probably built at the end of the 11th Dynasty or the beginning of the 12th Dynasty. It is the oldest Egyptian pyramid built for a person who was not a member of the royal family. The pyramid was discovered a few years before it was first excavated by Audran Labrousse and the Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqâra in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Pyramid</h2><br>
<p>The base of the pyramid measures only 13.1 m x 13.1 m and is thus clearly smaller than the surrounding royal pyramids. The building material was mainly limestone rubble, which had originally been used in other nearby buildings and was recycled for this pyramid. Among this material some older offering tables, stele, chapel doorposts and lintels were found. Several of the blocks are inscribed and contain the names and titles of hitherto unknown individuals from the lat Old Kingdom. For example, a broken lintel was found which had belonged to the tomb of a previously unknown wife of Pepi I named Sebutet. Further fragments were discovered which belonged to the burial chamber of a woman named Behenu.</p><br>
<h2>Substructure</h2><br>
<p>From the north, a shaft led down to the burial chamber. This was located underground and was a small room. Its ceiling consisted of plates, located at the same height as the base of the pyramid. The furthest forward of them had the name of the tomb&#39;s owner written on them in red paint. The decoration of the burial chamber is a synthesis of motifs from the 6th dynasty and the 11/12th dynasties. For example, a band of hieroglyphs intended for the exterior of a sarcophagus were combined with 6th dynasty motifs used for decorating the interior of sarcophagi. The upper parts of the west and south walls is decorated with a frieze which depicts the burial of Reherishefnakht. The lower parts of the same walls and the whole of the east wall are inscribed with hieroglyphs. The western portion of the inscription consists of spells 214-217 of the Pyramid Texts, while the eastern part contains spell 335 of the Coffin Texts.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Catherine Berger-El Naggar, Audran Labrousse: "La tombe de Rêhérychefnakht à Saqqâra-Sud, un chaînon manquant?" Bulletin de la Société Française d&#39;Égyptologie. Vol. 164, Paris 2005, pp. 14–28.</p><br>
<p>Audran Labrousse, Jean Leclant. "Neue Entdeckungen der Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqâra (Kampagnen 2001–2005)." Sokar. No. 13, 2006, pp. 36–37.</p><br>
<p>Christoffer Theis. "Die Pyramiden der Ersten Zwischenzeit. Nach philologischen und archäologischen Quellen." Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. (SAK) Vol. 39, Hamburg 2010, pp. 321–339.</p><br>
<p>St. John Cemetery is the archaeological site with the remains of the late antique church, tombs and medieval Franciscan monastery dedicated to St. John. The area is situated in the plain of the right bank of the Bistrica River in the center of Livno.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Medieval Franciscan monastery in Livno was built between 1340 when the Franciscan vicariate was established in the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1375 when it was mentioned in the earliest list of Franciscan monasteries of the vicariate in the Kingdom of Bosnia.</p><br>
<p>Monastery was probably burned or during the Ottoman conquest in the late 15th century or during the 17th century. Thereafter, the site has served as a cemetery until the 20th century and during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>At 2,163 metres, the Gehrenspitze is the third highest mountain in the Tannheim Group and is situated in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It should not be confused with the Gehrenspitze in the Wetterstein Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The massif of the Gehrenspitze forms the northeastern corner of the Tannheim Valley. East of the Gehrenspitze the terrain descends into the Lech valley towards Reutte. West of the mountain is the Kellenspitze (2,238 m), north of the massif, the Große Schlicke and Musauer Berg (1,510 m), and, to the south is the Schneid (2,009 m).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like the Tannheim Mountains, the Gehrenspitze is part of the Northern Limestone Alps, which started to form during the course of Alpine orogeny in the Cretaceous period, about 140 million years ago, a process that has still not quite finished today. The summit of the Gehrenspitze is made of Wetterstein limestone. To the south, somewhat below the summit there are Partnach beds, North Alpine Raibl beds, Main Dolomite and Kössener beds at the surface. Not visible is muschelkalk in the interior of the summit block. In the area of the Gehrenspitze the Inn Valley Nappe pushes against the Wetterstein mass.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Gehrenspitze may be climbed up the normal route from the south via the saddle of Gehrenjoch. This col may be reached from Reutte, Nesselwängle and the Raintal valley. From the Gehrenjoch rougte 417b runs at UIAA grade I+ over the southern slopes through a gully in the col (clearly visible in the photograph taken from the south) between the summit and the subpeak.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Dieter Seibert: Allgäuer Alpen Alpin, Alpenvereinsführer. Munich, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Kompass Wander-, Bike- und Skitourenkarte: Blatt 04 Tannheimer Tal (1:35,000). (as at: February 2007)</p><br>
<p>Giant&#39;s Tank  is an irrigation tank in northern Sri Lanka, approximately 10 mi south east of Mannar.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Some historians have speculated that Giants Tank is the same as the Mahanama Matha Vapi tank built by King Dhatusena in the fifth century and restored by King Parakramabahu I in the twelfth century. On the other hand, Mudaliyar C. Rajanayagam in his book Ancient Jaffna suggests that the tank was probably constructed by the Nagas. Rajanayagam has suggested that the Megisba lake mentioned by Pliny in Description of Taprobane was in fact Giants Tank.</p><br>
<p>Consideration was given to renovating the tank during Dutch Governor Willem Jacob van de Graafs administration in the eighteenth century but nothing happened. The waters were then diverted to Giants Tank by a 12 mi inlet channel (alawakkai). The tank is now known as Kattukarai Kulam in Tamil.</p><br>
<p>Responsibility for the tank passed from the Public Works Department to the Department of Irrigation in 1900. By the late 1960s the tanks bund was 4.5 mi long and 10 ft high whilst the tanks storage capacity was 26,600 acre.ft and its water spread area was 4,550 acre. There was a 172 ft channel flow spill on the right bank and seven sluices. Water from the tank was transferred to numerous minor irrigation tanks via a 24 mi main channel and 24 mi of branch channels.</p><br>
<p>The tanks storage capacity was 30,500 acre.ft in 2003 and it was capable of irrigating 24,000 acre. The tanks height was 11.5 ft but it was capable of holding 10 ft safely. The tank&#39;s storage capacity was 31,500 acre.ft in 2009 and it was capable of irrigating 27,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Bell Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in rural Washington County, Ohio, United States. One of several such bridges in the region built by the same man, it has remained open to traffic with the exception of periodic repairs, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Located near the community of Barlow in Barlow Township, the bridge carries the gravel Bell Road over Falls Creek, a southwestern tributary of Wolf Creek. Surrounded by woods, the bridge lies adjacent to the farm once owned by the namesake Bell family, and the surrounding countryside is a mixture of forests and agricultural fields. The builder was E.B. Henderson, who was responsible for four bridges in the area: the Blackwood Covered Bridge (1879), the Shinn Covered Bridge (1886), the Bell Covered Bridge (1888), and the Henry Covered Bridge (1894). Like two of the other three, the Bell is a multiple king post truss design, which became popular nationwide following its use on the National Road in a past version of the Y-bridge in Zanesville to the north. An ordinary gable-roofed bridge with windows just below the roofline, the bridge spans 59 ft; the deck is approximately 18 ft wide, with 15 ft of interior width, and the 11 ft height permits slightly more than 9 ft of interior clearance. It rests on abutments built of sandstone, quarried locally, while the roof is made of tin. The abutments are similar, with their faces underlying the bridge decks and wing walls to the side.</p><br>
<p>Officials have twice closed the bridge for extensive repairs: structural problems prompted a 1998 closure, during which stones in the abutment were replaced, the truss system solidified, and missing or damaged components replaced with identical newly produced components, and a 2005 closure to fix damage caused by termites. With those exceptions, the bridge has remained open continuously since its construction.</p><br>
<p>In late 2012, the Bell Covered Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying as a historically significant example of local engineering. It is one of seven covered bridges on the National Register in Washington County, along with Henderson&#39;s Shinn Bridge and the Harra, Hildreth, Hune, Rinard, and Root Bridges.</p><br>
<p>The E.B. Mallett Office Building is a historic commercial building on Mill Street in Freeport, Maine. Now part of the Freeport Village Station shopping complex, it is an 1888 Italianate brick building designed by Portland architect Francis Fassett for Freeport&#39;s leading businessman of the period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mallett Office Building stands on the east side of Mill Street, now an access road separating the Freeport Village Station shopping complex to the east, and its parking area to the west. The building is surrounded on three sides by modern elements of the complex, which it is now part of. It is a two story masonry structure, built out of brick with granite trim. It has a high hip roof and a single chimney. The main facade is three bays wide, with a central entrance flanked by sash windows. The windows have granite sills and hoods with granite keystones and ears.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1888 to a design by Portland architect Francis Fassett, for Freeport businessman Edmund Buxton Mallett, Jr. Mallett was a transformative force in Freeports economy, building shoe factories, a sawmill, grist mill, and coal yard, in addition to the granite quarry and brickyard that produced the materials used in construction of this building. These businesses were instrumental in shifting Freeports economy from one based on coastal maritime pursuits.</p><br>
<p>Vavuni Kulam  is an irrigation tank in northern Sri Lanka, approximately 2 mi south east of Mallavi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tank on Pali Aru was earlier knowns as Peli Vapi. Restoration of the tank, which had a catchment area of 88 square miles, commenced in 1954 with the support of the Australian government.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1960s the tanks bund was 2 mi long and 24 ft high whilst the tanks storage capacity was 35,300 acre.ft and its water spread area was 3,150 acre. There was a 500 ft spill on the left bank and two spills on the right bank - 1,200 ft and 700 ft. The left and right bank sluices were each 4 ft by 3 ft 6 in whilst the central sluice had a diameter of 18 in. By 2014 the tank was capable of irrigating 6,900 acre.</p><br>
<p>The South Londonderry Village Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the historic developed area of the village of South Londonderry, Vermont. The village has a well-preserved mid-19th century core, with most of its major development history taking place between about 1806 and 1860. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>South Londonderry Village is located in south-central Londonderry, and is built along both sides of the West River, which flows roughly southeast toward the Connecticut River. Vermont Route 100 runs through the village, paralleling the river to the north and running more directly south on the south side of the river. Main Street flanks the river on it northern bank, while Winhall Hollow Road and West River Road flank it on the south side. Running perpendicular to the single bridge spanning the river in the village center are Melendy Hill Road to the south and Middletown Road to the north.</p><br>
<p>The village grew in the early 19th century around this area because the drop in elevation of the river provided water power for early industrial works. Most of these industrial sites are now little more than foundations, including ones from early in the 20th century. Three dams were built across the river at various points, the largest directly upstream of the bridge. Residential construction was hemmed in by the steep hillsides, resulting in a generally linear pattern of development on either side of the river. Most of the houses are wood frame structures 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, and most have modest decorative styling from popular 19th-century architectural styles. There are two 19th-century church buildings, two former school buildings, and the 1860 Londonderry Town House, which houses municipal offices and auditorium and meeting spaces.</p><br>
<p>Cattail Creek Quarry is a historic industrial quarry in Lisbon, Howard County, Maryland. Near modern Glenwood, Woodbine and Daisy, Maryland at 2425 Daisy Road.</p><br>
<p>The location is archeologically significant as the northernmost (upstream) location of prehistoric lithographs from a culture of hunters that ranged 170 miles South to the Chesapeake.</p><br>
<p>The quarry was hand mined by African American laborers. Local historian Silas Craft wrote of Channing William Dorsey finding the highest pay for African Americans in the county working the quarry and sawmill of Cattail (and Guilford) at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>A residential home was built in 1977 adjacent to the quarry. The quarry was allowed to fill with water shortly afterward. A historic survey was conducted in 1979, but the county records have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Danish West India and Guinea Company Warehouse is a historic building located at Church and Company Streets in Christiansted, USA Virgin Islands. Built circa 1750 for the Danish West India and Guinea Company, the building served as the center of Danish commerce on Saint Croix during the 18th and early 19th centuries. At the time, the USA Virgin Islands were known as the Danish West Indies, and Saint Croix had the most successful economy of the three islands. The building is representative of Danish colonial architecture and features stucco walls made of imported brick, an inner courtyard, and several cisterns. After its use as a warehouse ended in the 19th century, the building served as a telegraph office; it became a post office and customs house after the United States purchased the islands.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 9, 1974. It is part of the Christiansted National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Sjernarøyane is an island group in Finnøy municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The islands are located in the Nedstrandsfjorden, west of the large island of Ombo and north of the large island of Finnøy. As of 2014, the islands were home to 365 residents. The islands were historically part of the municipality of Sjernarøy before merging into the municipality of Finnøy in 1965. The Aubøsund strait, which runs between the islands of Aubø and Bjergøy was a historically important trading post.</p><br>
<p>The name comes from Old Norse word "Sjǫrn" which means the number seven, since historically the archipelago had seven inhabited islands. Today the Sjernarøyane islands refer to the group of many small and larger islands. The inhabited islands today include Kyrkjøy, Bjergøy, Eriksholmen, Tjul, Nord-Hidle, Aubø, Helgøy, and Nord-Talgje. The uninhabited islands include Hestholmen, Finnborg, Lundarøynå, Norheimsøynå, Norheimslamholmen, Staup, Fiskholmane, as well as many other smaller islands. Sjernarøy Church is located on the main island of Kyrkjøy.</p><br>
<p>The island group is only accessible by boat, however all of the islands except for Nord-Hidle are connected to each other by a series of bridges. Nord-Hidle is not connected to any other islands. There are several regular ferry routes connecting the Sjernarøyane islands to the mainland as well as to other nearby islands.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Masonic Temple is a heritage-listed masonic temple at 57 Wood Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by F H Faircloth and built in 1925 by William Ptrick Guthrie. It is also known as Masonic Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Masonic Temple (1924) was built during a period of rapid growth in Mackay, the administrative centre of a thriving sugar industry. The fine and substantial temple was built as a joint venture between three local Freemasonry lodges.</p><br>
<p>Freemasonry was established in Queensland in 1859 when dispensation was granted by the Provisional Grand Lodge of New South Wales (English Constitution), authorising what was then the most northerly lodge in Australia: the North Australian Lodge of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Lodge first met in the Oddfellows&#39; Hall in Wood Street on 24 June 1875. On 23 February 1880 it moved into the original two-storey timber Masonic Hall, using this hall until January 1918 when it was destroyed by the 1918 cyclone that devastated much of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>Following this disaster, Mackay enjoyed a period of substantial growth through the 1920s and 1930s, even during the period of financial hardship and unemployment caused by the Depression. It was the fastest growing town in Queensland, its population almost doubling between 1923 and 1940. This was largely due to the linking of Mackay by the North Coast railway line to Rockhampton in 1921 and to Townsville in 1923, which improved access to markets and reduced transport costs, thus boosting not only the sugar industry, but also the developing dairy and tourist industries. The local Member of Queensland Legislative Assembly, William Forgan Smith, was Premier of Queensland between 1932 and 1940 and supported the growth of the region. In the 1930s major public works were undertaken in Mackay to improve the infrastructure of the town and upgrade the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The development of Mackay in the 1930s also owed much to its mayor, Ian Wood. Becoming mayor in 1930 at the age of 29, he energetically promoted the area, opening a travel agency in the early 1930s. Wood was instrumental in developing an airport and Eungella National Park and served as mayor or alderman for most of the period between 1927 and 1973. He was a Senator of Australia between 1949 and 1978 and was also a member and president of the Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>After the destruction of the original hall, the local lodges met again in the Oddfellows&#39; Hall until three lodges (Mackay 24, Temple 31 and Caledonia 34) combined in a joint venture to build a new temple on a grander scale. The Mackay Masonic Trust was formed and the foundation stone for the temple was laid on 8 March 1924. The temple was consecrated on 13 June 1925 by the Most Worshipful Deputy Grand Master Brother R.W.F. Quinn.</p><br>
<p>Masonic temples (also known as lodges) all follow a similar layout designed to accommodate the Masonic rituals. The main ceremonies are held in a rectangular room called the lodge. It has a tiled central mosaic pavement with tessellated border. Seating is arranged around the room so that all members are able to observe ceremonies conducted in the centre of the room. An elevated seat is located at the eastern side of the room for the Worshipful Master. Elevated seats are also provided at the western and southern sides for the Senior Warden and the Junior Warden. The room usually contains an altar with three candles and two pillars supporting globes. The architecture, furniture and decoration of lodges are rich in symbology. Among the most prominent symbols are the compass and square and the letter "G". Lodges often also contain social rooms, dining rooms and other spaces.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architect, F.H. Faircloth, died before its completion. He was born in Maryborough in 1870 and was a pupil of German-trained Bundaberg architect Anton Hettrich. He set up his own practice in Bundaberg in 1893 and was very prolific, eventually being responsible for the design of almost every major building in Bundaberg. He also made a major contribution to the appearance and character of Childers after a fire devastated the main street in 1902. His designs in Childers include the Isis Masonic Lodge. Other examples of his work include the Bundaberg War Memorial, the Queensland National Bank at Maryborough and St Patricks Church at Mount Perry.</p><br>
<p>The temple was built by brothers Frank & William Guthrie at a cost of £6500. The Guthries, from Bundaberg, originally planned to stay at Mackay for 12 months to complete the National Australia Bank. Instead, they stayed in Mackay a further 36 years and constructed many other local buildings including the Daily Mercury building, and the Ambassador, Australian, Metropolitan, Prince of Wales, Shamrock, Taylors and Wilkinsons hotels.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the temple was extended, with a shop fronting Wood Street added to the north side. Also added to the north side were a meeting room for the Masons, with two kitchen areas (one being the main kitchen the other an ancillary kitchen) and toilets. The extensions to the rear of the building incorporate offices that are leased to other organisations or businesses. To enable these extensions to proceed, the original (1925) kitchen and toilet area were demolished.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 1985 and painted inside and out. A further $351,000 was spent on extensions and renovations in 1994. Mackay firm Sanders, Turner & Ellick were the architects for the project and the builders were T.F. Woollam & Sons.</p><br>
<p>Lodges currently meeting at the temple are Mackay 24, Temple 31, Caledonia 34 and Star of the North 401.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Masonic Temple is located in the Mackay central business district on the corner of Wood Street and Ninth Lane. It is a two storey masonry building, rectangular in plan form, with parapets concealing a gabled roof clad in metal sheeting. The Temple and a single storey addition at the rear cover the majority of the allotment. A low red brick fence with rendered detailing and a pipe rail between engaged piers fronts Wood Street and a short forecourt lies between the fence and building facade.</p><br>
<p>The most striking feature of the Temple is the west-facing portico formed by four massive columns and entablature in the Doric Order. Its pediment contains the masonic compass and square symbols fixed to a brick-lined tympanum, and above the pediment, a brick parapet detailed with string coursing and engaged piers projects forward over the portico.</p><br>
<p>From Wood Street, three concrete steps between the inner columns provide access to the portico behind which the main wall of dark red, salt glazed bricks is flanked by pairs of rendered masonry pilasters. Centrally located in this wall are pairs of six-panel timber doors with fanlights above at ground level, providing entry to the building and at first floor level providing access to the balcony. Wide moulded architraves surround the openings.</p><br>
<p>The concrete balcony to the first floor spans the space within the portico and is detailed with a moulded concrete balustrade containing urn-shaped balusters.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation is more simply detailed and is rendered and finished with an ashlar pattern. There are seven square metal-framed windows to the upper level and four rectangular metal-framed windows lower level. The north and rear elevations are similarly detailed. Extensions on the north side of building include a shop fronting Wood Street and a meeting room for the Masons, with two kitchens (the main kitchen and an ancillary kitchen) and toilets. The extensions to the rear of the building incorporate offices occupied by other organisations or businesses. The extensions to the north and rear are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>On the lower level, the double doors open into a foyer with a small storage room to the right and stairs at the left leading to the upper level. Double, glass panelled doors lead into the main hall. The Masonic compass and square symbol is etched into each of the upper panels. There is a frosted glass rectangular fanlight above the door. A wide moulded architrave surrounds the door and fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The main hall has polished timber floors and high timber lined ceilings. The walls are lined with sheeting and are detailed with a dado. Cupboards line the walls either side of the entrance doors. A door and windows to the north wall of the hall have been blocked by the extensions.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is accessed by a timber L-shaped staircase with carved balustrade. The risers are carpeted and the treads are lined with a dark rubberised material. A rail for a chair lift is fitted to the stairs along the wall.</p><br>
<p>The lodge room is located on the upper level. This is a large room with a black and white tiled floor laid in a chequerboard pattern. The walls are lined with sheeting and there are pilasters at regular intervals. The windows on the southern and northern walls are covered with dark curtains.</p><br>
<p>There are raised platforms at the middle of the eastern, southern and western walls. They are at varying heights. The highest and largest is on the eastern side, it is three steps high, the second highest, two steps high, is on the western side and the lowest, one step high, is on the southern side. All contain a pediment and at least one chair. For each of the pediments, a wooden column bearing a metal Masonic symbol is located to the right from the perspective of a person seated in the chair.</p><br>
<p>The eastern platform occupies the whole of the end of the room opposite the entrance. A central section is higher than the rest of the platform. Across the front, two steps provide access to the top; a third step provides access to the central section. Five ornate chairs are arranged across this section with the pediment located in front of the centre chair. The symbol of a carpenter&#39;s square is depicted on the front of this pediment. On either side of the central section, on the lower part of the platform, is a row of benches. Another pediment is located a short distance in front of the centre of the platform; a circular symbol is depicted on the front.</p><br>
<p>At the western and southern sides, the platforms are occupied by only a single chair and the pediment. On these sides only, a cube-form masonry block with a metal ring fitted in the top is located on the left side of the pediment from the perspective of a person seated in the chair.</p><br>
<p>There is a row of padded wooden benches against the southern and western walls. Immediately in front of these is a row of plain wooden benches similar to church pews.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the floor is a rectangular pattern of black and white tiles in chequerboard pattern separated from the rest of the floor by a wide margin with a stylised rope tassel at each corner.</p><br>
<p>The pressed metal ceiling is coved and ribbed. Ribs along the sides and at each end mark the transition between the coving and the flat portion of the ceiling. The ceiling is divided into equal, rectangular sections by ribs running across its width. The ribs extend down the coving to the cornice. There is a decorative pattern along the top of the ribs and inside each of the rectangular sections. A letter "G" suspends from a hook in the centre of the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the platform on the western wall are panelled wooden doors. A wide architrave surrounds the door openings and the rectangular, red glass lights. The lights are etched with the Masonic compass and square emblem. The door to the north of the platform has a small peep-hole with a sliding cover.</p><br>
<p>The southern door opens into a small room with a varnished wooden dado. Padded benches line the walls. The windows are covered with dark blue curtains similar to the lodge room.</p><br>
<p>The northern door opens into a smaller room. This has a varnished timber architrave. There is another wooden, panelled door opposite the doorway into the lodge room.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mackay Masonic Temple was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a fine and substantial building, the Mackay Masonic Temple (1924) is important in demonstrating the prosperity enjoyed by Queensland&#39;s sugar-growing districts at the time of its construction. During the 1920s and 1930s, Mackay was the fastest growing town in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The temple is also evidence of an important phase in the development of this regional centre. Replacing an earlier temple that was destroyed by a devastating cyclone in 1918, it was built during a period of reconstruction and rapid development in Mackay that included a major civic program of beautification and modernisation of services.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial Masonic Temple. These include the front facade with its Doric order columns, the lower level function area, and the upper level lodge room. The lodge room follows a standard plan with central mosaic pavement, elevated seats for the Master and principal officers, seating arranged around the perimeter of the room for members and the prominent display of Masonic symbols.</p><br>
<p>The temple is also important in demonstrating the work of F.H. Faircloth, a prolific regional architect who practised in the late 19th and early 20th century. Faircloth was responsible for the design of many major buildings in Bundaberg and Childers including the Isis Masonic Lodge at Childers and the Queensland National Bank at Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a well composed, landmark building that is an excellent example of the Doric classical temple tradition, the Mackay Masonic Temple is important for its aesthetic significance. The building is visually pleasing for its regularity and symmetry, the contrast between exposed brick and stucco finishes on its facade, and the integration of Masonic symbolism into the design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Masonic Temple has a strong and special association with several Masonic lodges in the Mackay region as their principal meeting place since 1924.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Technical College is a heritage-listed former technical college at Alfred Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye and built from 1911 to 1912. It is also known as Block E Mackay TAFE. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the former college building is now used for administration of the Central Queensland University&#39;s Mackay City campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Mackay Technical College was constructed in 1911-12 to a design prepared by the Office of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>Mackay was settled by Europeans in the 1860s, by pastoralists seeking new areas for expansion. Sugar became the dominant industry of the region from the 1880s, and the town grew significantly in the early to mid-20th century due to this industry. State education in Queensland in the 19th century was quite rudimentary. In 1875, legislation was passed which created the system with free, compulsory and secular education. This was, however, limited to a primary school level. After 1860, Grammar schools provided the only secondary education in the colony at this time, and these schools were only available to those who could afford the associated fees.</p><br>
<p>Technical colleges, and the teaching of technical education attempted to fill this gap in the provision of education and were the precursors of state high schools in Queensland. They started as private institutions but were gradually taken over by the state. The technical college grew out of the school of arts movement in the late 19th century. Schools of Arts, institutions run by local committees providing a library, reading room, lecture hall and rooms for public meetings, were established from the mid-19th century largely to improve the education of the working class. The school of arts committees usually organised classes in the useful arts and sciences to mechanics and tradespeople.</p><br>
<p>The first technical college in Queensland started in Brisbane in the 1870s. It operated entirely within the existing Brisbane School of Arts organisation, with the school of arts committee charging fees for its few subjects. The Queensland Government were involved from the early 1880s, providing a small grant to cover costs. However, the particular subjects remained completely within the control of the school of arts committee. From this initial grant the involvement of the government continued to increase. In the 1890s an endowment system matched revenue raised in fees on a pound for pound basis. A Board of Technical Education was established in 1902 to provide administrative support and distribute government subsidies. Later in the 1900s this board was abolished. The Queensland Government took over the running of technical education in Brisbane, and then across the state a decade later, with the passing of further legislation.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the Education Department reported that they had collected much information on the most modern methods of constructing and equipping technical colleges. Information had been supplied by the United States Bureau of Education and John William Turner, who, in association with George Handley Knibbs, had been commissioned by the New South Wales Government to tour the United States and Europe studying technical colleges.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Technical College building was one of a number of similar buildings constructed for technical colleges around the state at this time. These technical colleges were constructed in Rockhampton, Warwick, Toowoomba and Mount Morgan. They were generally established without the direct involvement of the government, being run by local committees. As in Mackay, architectural plans and specifications were supplied by the government, along with funds for construction, but administratively, the technical colleges remained autonomous.</p><br>
<p>In Mackay, the Department of Public Instruction took over the administration of the technical college soon after it was constructed. The Mackay Technical College also incorporated the Mackay State High School. Compared to other states the total number of high schools in Queensland was small, reflecting the state&#39;s ongoing low priority given to secondary education. Emphasis was placed on vocational and technical training, and consequently, money was spent on technical education and new architecturally attractive and well-equipped technical colleges. Like the Mackay High School (1911), the Bundaberg State High School (1919) was built attached to a technical college.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the Mackay Technical College, administration was under the control of the School of Arts committee. At the time, the work of the college was confined to day classes. Eventually, an evening class was established for those people who had left school but still wanted to continue with their education. Later, a book-keeping class was included in the curriculum and following that, a dress-making class. In 1904, the School of Arts committee suggested that other classes be established including cooking and carpentry. In 1907, the committee established a cookery class in a shop belonging to a Mr Elworthy. Attendance at this class eventually dropped off due, it is thought, to a lack of accommodation available for the students.</p><br>
<p>The committee&#39;s problems due to the lack of a suitable building was alleviated when it was announced that the Government would contribute four-fifths of the cost of the construction of buildings for technical college purposes. The School of Arts committee held a meeting to discuss means of providing the remaining funds required to construct the technical college. A sum of £500 was raised, with the state government also contributing the expertise of architects in the Public Works Department who provided plans and specifications.</p><br>
<p>By 1907, the government had prepared plans for Mackay Technical College; however, construction of technical colleges did not become a major concern until 1911. Originally, the Committee planned to have a wooden building constructed, but, after calling a second meeting, it was decided to collect the extra amount required for a brick building.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the Works Department architects in 1910, with the drawings signed by Alfred Barton Brady and Thomas Pye. The Annual Report of the Department of Public Works reported that the contract, "for the main building only, will shortly be completed". Construction commenced in 1911 and was completed by 1912 in time for the beginning of the school year. The completed scheme included a detached brick building, containing a chemical laboratory and carpentry workshop. The contract amount for the Mackay Technical College was £3,845.</p><br>
<p>As constructed the building was two storeys. On the ground floor were a dressmaking room, a room for general instruction and offices for clerical and administrative staff. At the rear of the building a room catered for cookery classes. Also at the rear of the building were toilet and cloak room facilities. This section has been removed. On the first floor were located three classrooms and a large art and lecture room. A separate, single-storey building, no longer extant, was constructed at the rear of the main building and housed a chemical laboratory and carpentry workshop. In 1916, drainage and repair works were undertaken to the college, as well as the addition of furniture and fittings. Total cost of the works was £96/15/8.</p><br>
<p>The official opening of the Mackay Technical College was held on Wednesday, 21 February 1912, with formal duties undertaken by the Mayor of Mackay, Hans Ditlev Petersen. Among the 150 guests included the Committee members and Herbert Denniss, Principal of the High School. Telegrams were received from the Ministers for Education (Ken Grant) and Railways (Walter Paget). The day was a grand occasion in Mackay&#39;s history. It was reported that the opening of the college building "which would also be used as a high school" marked a "new stage in the educational history of Queensland", and was a "sign of intellectual progress in the community of Mackay".</p><br>
<p>The building served as the Mackay Technical College and High School until 1959 when a new high school was constructed in the city in Milton Street. New buildings for the TAFE (the provision of technical education was rearranged as Technical and Further Education in the 1960s), were constructed on the Alfred Street site from the 1970s onwards, with this building becoming "Block E" of Mackay TAFE and was used for student support services.</p><br>
<p>Later Mackay TAFE was amalgamated into Central Queensland TAFE, which was merged into Central Queensland University (CQU) in 2014. In 2016, the building (known as Building 6) was used for administrative functions on CQU&#39;s Mackay City campus.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Mackay Technical College is a two-storeyed brick building, elevated on a brick base and low stumps. The building has a hipped roof with a gable roof projection, clad with corrugated iron. A ventilator fleche with a domed metal top is located in the centre of the hipped roof. The building occupies a prominent position on the corner of Alfred and Wood Streets, Mackay. It is painted brick on the ground floor and roughcast render on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The building has an assymmetric front (north) elevation with a projecting gable to one side with a ground floor verandah on the northern and southern side of the building and first floor balcony wrapping around the north, south and west sides of the building. A simple timber bargeboard is located in the gable of the projecting wing. A series of windows appear on both floors of the projecting gable section. A group of six long rectangular windows are located in the ground floor and a group of five long rectangular windows are located in the first floor and are surrounded by decorative mouldings. Below these windows the raised lettering reads "TECHNICAL COLLEGE". A large blue "E" is located on the northern elevation.</p><br>
<p>Double-hung timber sash windows are located on both floors on the eastern side of the building. The windows on the ground floor are protected by sunhoods with curved, timber brackets and clad with corrugated iron. A timber staircase is located on the eastern side of the building leading to the first floor balcony on the southern side.</p><br>
<p>Timber french doors open to the verandahs from both the ground and first floors. On the ground floor the verandah has been enclosed on the western side. Timber balustrading, hand rails, verandah posts and lattice valances are located on the ground floor verandah and first floor balcony. A series of timber sunshading is located on the western side of the balcony. As part of the enclosing of the ground floor verandah, a series of timber casement windows are located on the western side of the building. Paired timber entrance doors are surrounded by a breezeway and fanlight assembly.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the front entrance leads to a foyer with rendered walls with a high pressed metal ceiling. An arched opening with decorative mouldings and keystone leads to the central hall and central staircase. The hallway runs east-west through the building with a number of panelled timber doors with breezeways, leading to offices and staff rooms. The hallway has a high pressed metal ceiling. Part of the enclosed verandah on the western side of the building is vertically lined with timber and has a ripple iron ceiling. The eastern wall of the room is brick. On the western side of the building is the room which originally housed the library. This room has plastered walls and a pressed metal ceiling. A timber picture rail is also located within the office.</p><br>
<p>A timber door opening off the central hall, facing the northern side of the building, leads to the main office area. This office has plastered walls with a pressed metal ceiling. In one corner of the office, a porcelain wash basin with splashboard is still intact. The windows on the western side of the room are double hung timber sash windows, which originally opened to the verandah. A timber door leads to the enclosed space which is vertically lined timber and has a ripple iron ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The original turning timber staircase is also extant with timber railings and timber newel with decorative carved sections. Similarly to the arrangement of rooms on the ground floor, the planning arrangement of rooms on the first floor remains intact. A hallway with a high pressed metal ceiling leads to several offices and classrooms. The original north facing classroom is now used as a library. This room, like the others in the building, has plastered walls and a pressed metal ceiling. Double hung timber sash windows are located on the western side of the room and timber french doors lead to the balcony.</p><br>
<p>The building was modified with partitions, air conditioning and kitchen facilities in order to function as part of Mackay TAFE. The surrounding site has been built up by structures associated with the Mackay TAFE. The north-west corner of the property, adjacent to the former Mackay Technical College, is currently used for car parking facilities. This carparking area, which has a number of established palm trees and other plantings, is surrounded by a low, timber, picket fence. The fence does not run passed the former technical college building along Alfred Street, but continues for a small way, terminating on the eastern side of the former technical college building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Mackay Technical College was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Mackay Technical College, constructed in 1911, is significant in demonstrating the provision of technical education in Mackay, and by extension in Queensland. It is one of many technical colleges constructed throughout Queensland in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as part of an attempt to "promote mental and moral improvement of the working classes." The building is significant as the first state high school in Mackay, and is significant in demonstrating the history of education in the city and surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Mackay Technical College is significant as it displays the principal characteristics of an institutional building from the government architect&#39;s office of the period, with typical details such as its two storey masonry and timber construction and asymmetric design, with pressed metal ceilings, timber joinery and decorative ventilator fleche. The place demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type, with provision for classrooms and lecture rooms, a library, a laboratory and office area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>With its design incorporating simplicity and asymmetry, its wide verandahs and timber posts, prominent central fleche and its position on the street corner surrounded by trees and plantings, the former Mackay Technical College is important for its aesthetic significance and for its contribution to the Albert street streetscape. Internal features including the timber joinery details and pressed metal ceilings also contribute to the overall aesthetic significance of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Forming part of the educational system in Mackay for over ninety years, the former Mackay Technical College is significant for its association with the teachers, students and other associated people during that time. The place has strong associations with the community of Mackay especially with its continued use as an educational facility.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer Shire Council Building is a heritage-listed town hall at 1 Wood Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Harold Vivian Marsh Brown and built in 1935 by William Patrick Guthrie. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Pioneer Shire Council Building was constructed to a design by Harold Vivian Marsh Brown in 1935 and occupied by the Pioneer Shire Council until 1994 when the Pioneer Shire was amalgamated with the Mackay City Council.</p><br>
<p>John Mackay and John McCrossin first explored the area in which the Pioneer Shire was located in 1860. Returning to the area in 1862, Mackay established and subsequently lost, the extensive pastoral holding he had named "Greenmount". The township of Mackay, originally named Alexandra, was surveyed in June 1863. The first town allotments were offered for sale from the police station in Bowen in October 1863. Two years after the establishment of Mackay, the first sugar was planted on the Pioneer Plantation, introducing to the region its key agricultural product and industry.</p><br>
<p>The first local government body formed in the Pioneer Valley region was the Mackay Municipal Council, which first met on 1 December 1869.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Divisional Board was proclaimed in November 1879, the same year the Divisional Boards Act was enacted and first met in the Mackay School of Arts building on March 13, 1880. The Act established local government boards to administer parts of the State. In many cases these divisions surrounded regional towns or cities, some eighteen of which had been incorporated by 1878.</p><br>
<p>The offices of the Pioneer Divisional Board were located within the boundaries of another local government area, the City of Mackay. Shire/town relationships of this type were not uncommon in Queensland, as the town was often the most convenient location for residents of the shire to meet. Other examples are the former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers (1912–13) that remain in Cairns and the first North Rockhampton Borough Chambers (1885) in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>When formed, the Pioneer Division consisted of three subdivisions, each of which returned three members. The board&#39;s first members were JE Davidson (chair), MH Black, R Martin, EM Long, W Hyne, A Kemmis, David Dalrymple, D Lacy and ES Rawson. A number of these men owned sugar plantations.</p><br>
<p>Office space for the new Pioneer Divisional Board was rented in the Mackay School of Arts. A divisional clerk and a clerk of works were appointed. The Board held meetings on the second Tuesday of each month. Throughout the 1880s and subsequently, many of the Pioneer Divisional Board&#39;s members were involved in the sugar industry. Robert Walker of Fairleigh Plantation, the second chairman, was one of the sugar pioneers. Walter Paget, a councillor from 1883 and chairman from 1885 to 1890 and 1901, constructed with his brother Arthur a sugar mill at Nindaroo Plantation. Like David Dalrymple, Walter Paget entered the Queensland Parliament, serving as a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 1901 to 1915.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1800s those involved in primary production required strong local government organisations to establish the road infrastructure needed to transport goods into and out of a region. As the sugar industry in the Pioneer Valley expanded, bridges became a priority. From 1886 through the Joint Bridges Board, responsibility for bridges was shared between the Pioneer Divisional Board and the Mackay Municipal Council. The first Sydney Street Bridge was completed in August 1887. Constructed in 1888, the Barnes Creek Bridge was also a responsibility of the Joint Bridges Board.</p><br>
<p>By 1884 a total of 19,320 acres of land in the valley was being used to grow sugar cane, processed in the main through privately owned plantation mills. A downturn in the sugar industry, attributed to an oversupply of beet sugar in Europe and the phasing out of Melanesian indentured labour, led to a move away from the plantation system and towards efficient central mills. Following recovery from the downturn, the Mackay region experienced a period of moderate growth, from mid 1885 to the 1920s, in both sugar production and population.The Pioneer Divisional Board office relocated from the School of Arts building after its first purpose-built timber office building was constructed in 1889 on the western side of Wood Street.</p><br>
<p>A number of significant changes to the local government of the region occurred in the first two decades of the Twentieth Century. The Local Authorities Act (1902) widened the powers of local governments, giving these bodies more extensive powers over roads and bridges as well as responsibility for the impounding of animals, the generation of electric and gas lighting and control over traffic.</p><br>
<p>Mackay was declared a town in 1902, making the municipal council now the Mackay Town Council. Mackay was declared a city in 1918.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the Pioneer Divisional Board became the Pioneer Shire Council, its subdivisions subsequently renamed divisions. During this period, as a means of opening the Upper Pioneer Valley to closer settlement, the Pioneer Shire Council funded the extension of the Pioneer Valley railway line from Pinnacle to Finch Hatton. This extension was opened on 21 September 1904. The Queensland Government completed the last extension to the Pioneer Valley line, west to Netherdale, after its takeover of the Finch Hatton section on 1 July 1910. This action made more land available for sugar cane growing, as well as allowing tourists easier access to the Eungella Range.</p><br>
<p>During these two decades the boundaries of the Pioneer Shire were reduced when the Sarina Shire was formed to its south on 1 January 1912. Mirani Shire, excised from the western section of the Pioneer Shire, established its offices in Mirani in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Pioneer Shire Council were also members of the wider community and supportive of regional growth. William Kirkup of Walkerston owned a store and bakery while serving as chairman initially from 1902 to 1907, then for a range of years until 1927. Robert Kippen was a carrier, plantation supervisor, storekeeper, dairyman and publican, as well as shire chairman 1907 to 1908, then 1914-15 and 1921-24. Another publican with sugar and pastoral interests, Edward "Ned" Hannan, served as a member of the Mirani and Pioneer Shires for various periods between 1905 and 1946. Councillors also looked after the interests of the Shire through representation on the Harbour Board following its formation in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Mackay and the Pioneer River district experienced a period of considerable economic growth during the interwar years. In part, this was due to continued expansion within the sugar industry. Adding impetus to this was the connection of Mackay by the North Coast railway line to Rockhampton, in 1921, and Townsville in 1923. By 1923 the population of Mackay was 6,350 and the district some 15,000. The close relationship between the two local government areas continued.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s major public works projects were undertaken in the Mackay region. Work commenced on a new Outer Harbour for Mackay in 1935. The following year work began on a new bridge over the Pioneer River at Sydney Street, to replace the earlier one damaged in the 1918 cyclone. When completed, the new bridge was named the Forgan Bridge after the mother of the local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and then Premier of Queensland, William Forgan Smith.</p><br>
<p>Growth of its administrative section during this period of regional economic growth prompted the Pioneer Shire Council to relocate its offices, this time to the opposite side of Wood Street in Mackay. Designed in the Art Deco style by prominent local architect HVM Brown, the Pioneer Shire Council Building was erected by W Guthrie for a cost of £2,337. The new office was officially opened to business on Monday18 March 1935.</p><br>
<p>Harold Vivian Marsh Brown (c.1907–1992) was born in Mackay. Educated at the Mackay High School and the Brisbane Technical College, from 1926 to 1930. He worked as an articled pupil of Cavanagh and Cavanagh in Brisbane, being registered as an architect in 1930, before establishing his architectural business in Mackay around 1932. In the years to 1940 Brown designed approximately thirteen buildings in Mackay, including a number of fine examples of the Art Deco style. These include the Kane & Legge Building in Brisbane Street (his own office), Chaseley House, the Imperial Hotel, the CWA building, the RSL Memorial Hall in Sydney Street, Blacks Building, Maguires Hotel in Wood Street, the Holy Trinity Anglican Church Rectory and Hall (later the Masonic Club) in Gordon Street, the Hotel Mackay in Victoria Street and St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church & Presbytery in Mackay South.</p><br>
<p>Harold Brown&#39;s Art Deco council building served the Pioneer Shire adequately until the 1950s when conditions again became too cramped. In 1958 a decision was made to extend the building towards the rear of the site. A second storey has since been added in one of the two refurbishments, which have been undertaken since the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer district continued to grow post-war. In 1966 Mackay&#39;s population was 18,640 while the population of the Pioneer Shire was 19,990. By the early 1990s the Shire had reached 40,592 while Mackay city housed 23,056.</p><br>
<p>In March 1994 the Pioneer Shire amalgamated with the Mackay City Council and the Pioneer Shire Council Building was vacated. Gordon White, the last Pioneer Shire chairman, had held the position since 1983. Following the amalgamation he served as mayor of Mackay City until 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Pioneer Shire Council Building is a small, reinforced concrete building in the Art Deco Style on Wood Street.</p><br>
<p>The Wood Street facade is divided into three sections. The central section has 3 round arches on square pilasters, two free standing and two half-width engaged on the outsides. These pilasters are fluted with a zigzag cut, and topped with a square capital of coloured glazed terracotta featuring a stylised design representing sugar cane, nautilus shells and perhaps palm fronds surrounded by a zigzag border. These glazed terracotta panels are part of a row of seven beneath the roofline. The words "PIONEER SHIRE COUNCIL" appear in low relief above the glazed panels and central entrance section. The front rises to a horizontal parapet.</p><br>
<p>Each side section is a square tower slightly higher and marginally in front of the centre section. These are decorated with low relief coffering. Three slit windows are let into each. A wooden, tapering square section flagpole is mounted towards the outer edge of each side.</p><br>
<p>A light well is constructed in the side elevations admitting light to the interior. The building is attached to the former Post Office (Telstra Building) on the northern side by a metal roof forming a covered driveway.</p><br>
<p>Five steps lead up to the entry porch or veranda, at the back of which is a single central door of glass and aluminium. Original detailing, believed to be of pressed metal, on the ceiling of the porch is intact, while the floor features later tiles.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance opens to a central passageway that leads to the rear of the original building. The layout of the original building has a strong symmetry about the axis of the central passageway with various rooms opening to either side. A strongroom is located in an office on the northern side of the building. Original ceiling fabric is extant above the later suspended ceilings.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the original building the space that was once the Council chambers is now subdivided into several rooms. A decorative archway remains at the rear extent of the original building.</p><br>
<p>Behind the original 1935 building to the east is a later two-storey metal framed and clad building that also extends above the original building in the area that comprised the former council chambers. This extension is not significant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Pioneer Shire Council Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Shire Council Building is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, specifically the development of the provision of services and infrastructure to rural Queensland through the establishment of divisional boards and shire councils.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Shire Council Building situated in central Mackay is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, specifically the administrative relationship between a shire council and an adjoining town or city council. It is a good surviving example of rural shire council building made redundant by the absorption of the rural shire into the town/city shire within which its office was located.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1935 during a major program of beautification and modernisation of services when Mackay was the fastest growing town in Queensland, the Pioneer Shire Council Building is tangible evidence of this period of growth and modernisation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As one of his earlier Mackay buildings, the Pioneer Shire Council Building illustrates the principal characteristics of the work of prominent Mackay architect Harold Vivian Marsh Brown. As the designer of 13 buildings during the interwar period HVM Brown made an important contribution to the commercial centre of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Shire Council Building is good example of the Art Deco style transplanted to rural Queensland. With its geometric facade stylised decoration, terracotta tiles and prominent lettering it demonstrates the characteristics of this style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As one of a number of Art Deco style buildings constructed in Mackay and many sugar industry towns during the interwar period, and for the contribution the Art Deco facade with tropical motifs makes to Wood Street, the Pioneer Shire Council Building is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>İnsuyu Cave  is a show cave situated near Burdur in southwestern Turkey. Being over 500 m in length, it was discovered in 1952 and opened to public in 1965. A second cave beyond the show cave was later discovered. The lakes inside the both caves are in danger of drying due to excessive drilling of wells in the valley above. However, efforts are underway to reverse the process.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>İnsuyu Cave is situated near the Çatalağıl village in Burdur Province, 900 m away to the east of the state road at 13 km southeat of Burdur.</p><br>
<p>It is located at northeast of the Western Taurus Mountains at 1,230 m AMSL in Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Extending horizontally, it is a semi-active cave with underground water source showing very important features of its formation.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration and scientific research</h2><br>
<p>Although well-known to local inhabitants for many generations, it wasnt discovered scientifically until 1952 by Temuçin Aygen (1921–2003) during hydrogeological surveys for the State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). First comprehensive exploration took place in 1953. It was opened to the public in 1966 as the countrys first show cave. In 1976, it was registered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism as a Natural Protected Area.</p><br>
<p>Famous French caver Norbert Casteret (1897–1987) praised the cave after his visit in 1966:</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the cave became subject to extensive international scientific research. Italian arachnologist Paolo Marcello Brignoli (1942–1986) conducted research works on the cave&#39;s biospeleology (1968, 1971, 1972, 1973 and 1978), Austrian zoologist Friederike Spitzenberger (1939– ) researched bat suborders in 1973, Turkish geographist Korkut Ata Sungur (1935– ) its geology in 1974 and French geologist Jacques Choppy (1926–2004) the karstology of the cave in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, scientists from Süleyman Demirel University explored further galleries with branches and lakes beyond the "Great Lake". Explorations conducted between 2005 and 2007 yielded a new mapping of the cave. According to this map, the cave has a total length of 3,000 m. The length of the cave measured over 12,000 m after four expeditions undertaken by 21 different spelaeologist groups in 2011 and 2012. The latest detailed map of the cave shows its length at 8,100 m. It became certain that İnsuyu Cave is, with its latest explored gallery branches, much longer than its known and measured length.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, scientists from the Middle East Technical University conducted underwater and surface surveys in the lakes and prepared maps accurate to BCRA standards.</p><br>
<h2>Cave</h2><br>
<p>İnsuyu Cave consists of two main interconnected galleries.</p><br>
<h3>Show cave</h3><br>
<p>The show cave is rich in formations such as stalactites, stalagmites, columns, walls, curtain dripstones and calcite crystals and has nine lakes inside. Major lakes are the 512 m&sup2; large "Büyük Göl" ("Great Lake") as well as "Dilek Gölü" ("Desire Lake") and "Gazlı Göl" ("Gas Lake").</p><br>
<p>It has a total length of 597 m -according to one source 700 m. However, access is up to 525 m only. The first gallery, extending parallel to the main fault line, has a rugged cage structure.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the show cave was visited by 65,378 local and foreign tourists.</p><br>
<h3>Second cave</h3><br>
<p>The second cave, which was discovered as a result of groundwater lowering, is poor in terms of stalactite formations compared with the first section, although it is longer. To proceed through the second gallery is extremely difficult.</p><br>
<p>The second cave begins around 40 m east of the "Great Lake", and consists of three galleries extending to north, northeast and east. The north gallery is dry and ends in several branches beyond the "Kristal Göl" ("Crystal Lake") having a depth of around 40 m. Crystal formations on the walls and the ceiling of the dry gallery are beautiful. The chamber between the north and northeast galleries is characterized by great number of blocks fallen from the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>There are four ponds and six lakes on the northeast gallery, namely "Umut Gölü" ("Lake of Hope") depth: ~25 m, "Muz Gölü" ("Banane Lake") depth: ~15 m, "Sonsuzluk Gölü" ("Lake of Eternity") depth: ~30 m, "Gizemli Göl" ("Mysterious Lake") depth: ~8 m, "Cumhur Gölü" ("Public Lake") depth: ~15 m, "Dinginlik Gölü" ("Still Lake") depth: ~6 m and "Ya Sabır Gölü" ("Patience Lake") depth: ~15 m. In this gallery, millipedes and rats were observed in addition to bats. The east gallery begins at a balcony over the "Lake of Hope", continues as a crack, which is so narrow that only one person can pass through, and then reaches a lake. It ends with two branches filled with water.</p><br>
<p>Visiting the second cave is permitted only for exploring, adventure and sports purposes in groups appropriately equipped with special caving gear. In 1985, a man-made entrance close to the natural mouth was opened for access to the second gallery.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Lithologic units surrounding the cave are of autochthonous blocks and allochthonous blocks. Limestone is the common rock formation in the region of Burdur. Sinkholes were formed in the dissoluble limestone rock partly during the early karst, partly in Late Pleistocene and later. Intense chemical reaction results from the dissolution power of water near its freezing point determined by the climatic conditions in the region although the water has insufficient dissolved carbon dioxide.</p><br>
<p>The limestone formation over the cave is covered by a thin layer of soil, and the area is poor in flora. The region itself is full of sinkholes and holes formed in various stages of the early karst period. Wide-ranging chemical decomposition of the carbonate rocks in the area is visible although the Burdur region has a young appearance, geologically speaking. With its interesting features, the İnsuyu Cave is one of them.</p><br>
<p>İnsuyu Cave is a good example of the dissolution of calcium bicarbonate inside the limestone structure. The dissolution typically causes cracks along the weak veins. Dissolved material is transported by underground water. The limestone rock of the cave has a color ranging from white to light grey, and is composed of middle-sized crystals. The limestone rocks are overlaid as cliffs and reefs. Twisted layers and rugged surfaces are crisscrossed by calcite veins of about 2 - thickness.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrogeology</h2><br>
<p>The structure of the region, which was formed by the geological evolution affecting the entire Taurus Mountains, is highly complex. This complex geology is an important factor controlling the movement of underground water, which is the main attraction of the cave. The subterranean river running in the cave, which was formed in the cracked limestone of the Cretaceous period, surfaces at an impervious Neogene layer at the level of Madıma Valley on the slope of Sarpgüney Hill. It is significant that the cave formation occurred in a multi phase. Erosion patterns visible on the walls and ceilings of today&#39;s dry chambers and galleries, which can only be formed by running water of high flow rate, are a sign for the formation of those parts under water.</p><br>
<p>Spongelike structures and forked gallery formation seen particularly on the eastern branch of the show cave is an indication of the formation of a phreatic zone.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the water of the cave cures diabetes and stomach diseases.</p><br>
<h2>Criticism</h2><br>
<p>The great number of artesian wells drilled for irrigation in Madıma Valley has caused the water table in the valley and the underground water level in the cave drop significantly. In 2013, it was reported that the depth of "Great Lake" decreased about 7 m from an initial 19 m. "Great Lake" and "Desire Lake" in the show cave had become dry. It was feared that the remaining lakes were likely to dry out in the future, jeopardizing the tourist trade.</p><br>
<p>In December 2014, the Ministry of Forest and Water Management announced the initiation of an action plan for protection of the cave&#39;s ecosystem. In July 2015, it was reported that the water level at the "Great Lake" had risen again thanks to the contingency plan put into effect and seasonal rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The Louis I. Bussey School is a historic school building on United States Route 202 in Dixmont, Maine. Built about 1808, it is the only surviving schoolhouse from the period of the town&#39;s early settlement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bussey School is located in the rural village center of Dixmont, on the south side of US 202/Maine State Route 9, east of its junction with Maine State Route 7. It stands just west of the Dixmont Corner Church. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and clapboard siding. The front-facing gable extends over a porch supported by chamfered square posts, with pilasters at the building corners. There are two identical entrances, each framed by sidelight windows and a simple architrave.</p><br>
<p>The township that became Dixmont was granted in 1794 to Bowdoin College, which sold it in 1801 to Dr. Elijah Dix. In 1808 Dix gave the budding town funds for the construction of five district schools, of which this is the only one to survive. It was probably built with only modest vernacular styling of that period, its Greek Revival exterior probably the result of 1836 alterations. The school is named in honor of another community supporter. When it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, it was owned by the Dixmont Ladies Club, and was used as a community meeting place.</p><br>
<p>Fengari, also known as Saos  is the tallest mountain in the Aegean island of Samothrace, Greece, with an elevation of 1,611 m.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The previous name of the mountain, Sàos, which means safe is still used in some maps. The current common name, though, is Fengari or Fenghári and it means moon.</p><br>
<p>According to a local legend, anyone who stands at the top of the mountain during the night of a full moon will see something that they wish coming true.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During classical antiquity, this mountain was very useful for sailors&#39; navigation, due to its relative height and prominence.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The easiest way to access the summit of Fengari is via the northern side of the mountain. During the summer, this area can contain considerable cloud and mist. On clear days, though, the view from this area includes a large part of the northern Aegean Sea and stretches from the Troad in the East to Mount Athos in the West.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Due its height and the diversity of its climate, many very interesting and rare plant species can be found on Fengari. On its cliffs and gorges, for example, polygonum icaricum can be found: this only grows in Samothrace and in Icaria. Several subspecies of potentilla montana also grow near the top of the mountain. In addition, the mountain contains a very rich and diverse variety of bird life.</p><br>
<p>The Manor House is a historic house on United States Route 302 in Naples, Maine. Built in 1796 by one of the area&#39;s first settlers, it is a rare high-quality example of Federal period architecture in the rural interior of the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Manor House is located on the south side of United States Route 302, several miles north of the town center of Naples, at a location that would have historically had a view of Long Lake to the north. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a low-pitch hip roof, brick side walls, clapboarded front and back walls, and a stone foundation. The main entrance is centrally located, with flanking pilasters and sidelight windows, and a semi-oval transom window above. A Palladian window with a half-round central window and narrow side windows is set on the second floor above the entrance, also articulated by pilasters. A single-story wood frame ell extends to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1796 by George Peirce, one of Naples first settlers. Peirce arrived in the area (then part of Otisfield) in 1775 as the land agent for an absentee proprietor, and established the areas first gristmill and sawmill. He was Naples&#39; first town clerk, and served as its constable in 1798. The house he built is of unusually high quality for the period in interior Maine (29 mi from the coast).</p><br>
<p>The South Windham Village Historic District encompasses a small rural village in southern Windham, Vermont. Located at the junction of Windham Hill and Chase Roads, it has been little altered since the late 19th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>South Windham is a rural hill village, nestled in a now-forested valley in southernmost Windham, just across the town line with Jamaica on Windham Hill Road. The village consists of eleven primary buildings, the most prominent being the 1825 Valley Bible Church, noted for its brick sides and rear wall and its Federal styling. Most of the buildings in the village are houses, wood frame structures 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, with vernacular Greek Revival features. The other notable exception is the c. 1887 district schoolhouse, now a private residence. The village once had a store, built c. 1855; it was demolished in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The villages economic history is typical of similar villages in Vermonts hill towns, rising in the early 19th century on an agricultural base, but later declining due to the difficulty of working the land. Consequences of this decline, and a lack of later development, include the relatively large number of surviving agricultural buildings in the center, including several mid-19th century barns, and a number of chicken coops. The most stylish of the houses is the Harrington-Brown House, built c. 1860 at the southern end of the village; it has pedimented windows on the first floor and an entablature on the main facade below the roof.</p><br>
<p>Monte Calisio , at 3,582 ft, is a mountain located in the North of Italy and sourrended by the following suburbs of Trento and Civezzano: Martignano, Cognola, Villamontagna, Gardolo and Melta di Gardolo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The first evidence of human presence in the whole region of Tirol were found here at the western slopes of Monte Calisio where, in 1971, the so called "Venere del Gàban",i.e. a statuette made from deer horn and portraying a woman, was found.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Period</h3><br>
<p>In 15 BC Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus build the so called via Claudia Augusta, a road which connected to Augsburg. This road passed along the places where now we can find the suburbs of Meano, Martignano and Cognola and</p><br>
<p>sometime it coincided with still existing trails.</p><br>
<h3>Argentario mime</h3><br>
<p>In the past on the Monte Calisio&#39;s slopes there were many important silver mines (hence the "Argentario" name which nowadays is commonly used to mean the district of Martignano and Cognola ). These mines provided silver to Tirol in particular by mean of the mint of Merano.</p><br>
<p>This is the reason for which the most ancient mining code in Europe was written during 1207 at Trento by Prince-Bishop Federico Vanga (or Wanga).</p><br>
<p>These mines lost their importance during the fifteenth century when a new very important mine, Schwaz &#39;s mine, was discovered near Insbruck.</p><br>
<p>Anyway many of these old mines, locally called canope, are still visible in the wood of Monte Calisio and some of them can still accessible (see for example the Busa del Pomar).</p><br>
<h3>Contemporary History</h3><br>
<p>During the past centuries the slopes of Monte Calisio were relatively sparsely populated. On the other hand in the last century more and more person decided to live there causing the above mentioned suburbs to grow at high rate.</p><br>
<p>Below the mountain top, at 2,719 ft, the ruins of Forte Casara can be found. This was a fort, build just before World War I by Austro-Hungarian Empire and abandoned during 1915.</p><br>
<p>Hopewell School, also known as the Hopewell-Rosenwald School, is a former African American school in Cedar Creek, Texas, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 2015. The school was built in 1921-1922 with assistance from the Rosenwald Fund. The school opened in 1922 and closed in the late 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The school was initially funded by a monetary and a land grant from Martin and Sophia MacDonald of Bastrop County and the Rosenwald Fund. It was built by local residents to educate young African American children during the early to mid 1900’s, a time of racial segregation in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>After the school closed, the building fell into disrepair. In 2015, Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative awarded a $50,000 capital grant to the Hopewell-Rosenwald Community School Project to help convert the building into a community center. Workers from American YouthWorks will help with the repairs.</p><br>
<p>The Diamond Bar, formerly known as Long&#39;s Pub, is a historical site in Béal na Bláth in the townland of Glannarouge, County Cork. The ambush that led to the assassination of the Irish leader Michael Collins was planned in a storehouse behind the Diamond Bar. The Michael Collins Memorial, close to where Michael Collins was shot, is located one mile south of the Diamond Bar.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Irish Civil War, Michael Collins was on his way from Macroom to Bandon, County Cork on the morning of 22 August 1922. The travelling convoy included a Crossley tender, motorcyclist, armoured car and Michael Collins staff car. A meeting of Anti-Treaty Republicans had been scheduled for the same day in Murrays farmhouse, behind the Diamond Bar, which is on the road to Bandon.</p><br>
<p>A chauffeur was hired by Collins convoy to show them an alternative route, as other roads were blocked due to bridges being destroyed. However, the convoy temporarily lost sight of the chauffeurs car, and as the convoy approached the five crossroads of Béal na Bláth, the convoys scout leader asked Denny Long (known locally as Denny the Dane) for directions to Bandon. Long recognised Michael Collins in the staff car, and informed Republican Tom Hales that Collins was in the convoy. Hales and others met in a building to the rear of the pub to plan and ambush in the event that Collins returned from Bandon via the same route. Though Éamon de Valera was at Longs Pub that day and some sources suggest he dissuaded against the ambush, plans were set into motion which resulted in the death of Michael Collins.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>As of 2016, the Diamond Bar remains open. Some older exterior features are still visible, including the front bay-window and an iron ring attached to the front wall where horses would have been tied, which still as they were in 1922. The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage listing describes the building as a "detached three-bay two-storey house, built in 1840, with shopfront to front (north-west) elevation and single-storey extension to side (south-west) timber sliding sash windows, attractive tripartite pubfront window opening and render detailing." The Diamond Bar organises traditional Irish road bowling events and offers tours of the Collins&#39; ambush site.</p><br>
<p>The E.D. Maddox Farm Chicken House is a historic farm outbuilding at the northwest corner of Arkansas Highway 36 and School Street in Rosebud, Arkansas. It is a single-story rectangular structure, with a side gable roof and a concrete foundation. A shed-roof porch extends across the front, with the main entrance to the structure set off-center underneath. The south  facade presents a distinctive diagonally-sided exterior, a reflection of the building&#39;s interior construction, which is entirely of diagonally cut framing elements. Built in 1938, it is the only known structure with this type of construction in White County.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It is probable this building has either been moved or demolished; satellite views indicate a church now stands where the farm was located.</p><br>
<p>Gora Dyultydag, or simply Dyultydag , is a mountain located in Dagestan, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>Dyultydag refers to both a mountain range and its higher summit, Gora Dyultydag.</p><br>
<p>Sometimes the Cyrillic name Дюльтыдаг is transliterated as Dyul&#39;tydag.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain belongs to the Samur basin. Its peak stands about 15 km north of the border with Azerbaijan. The closest town to Dyultydag is Tsurib (Charodinsky District). In 1961 its summit was reported as perennial snow-capped. At an elevation of 4127 m Gora Dyultydag is Dagestan&#39;s fifth-highest mountain and the 45th-highest in Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Mapping</h2><br>
<p>Various maps, some of Soviet military origin, may be found on the internet, usually in Cyrillic.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Bank is a heritage-listed former bank building at 79 Victoria Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frederic Herbert Faircloth and constructed by local builder, William Patrick Guthrie, in 1923. It is also known as Hogs Breath Cafe and Metway Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bank and manager&#39;s residence were constructed in 1923 for the Queensland National Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland National Bank was the first and most successful of Queenslands three indigenous 19th century banks. It was established in March 1872 by a group of prominent Queensland squatters, politicians, lawyers, and businessmen who wished to secure development capital free from overseas or inter-colonial control. Its first office was established in Brisbane in that year and the bank attracted widespread Queensland patronage. In 1879 it secured the whole of the Queensland Governments banking business. By 1880 it held 40% of deposits in the colony and dominated the Queensland economy. The Queensland National Banking Company established a branch in Mackay in 1881 in rented premises. The town of Mackay is named for John Mackay who entered the valley of the Pioneer River in 1860 and established a pastoral run there in the following year. In 1862 a settlement was begun on the south bank of the river and by 1863, the township had been surveyed and the first lots of land sold. It was gazetted as a port of entry and a customs house was opened. The town prospered as a port and as a commercial and administrative centre, drawing business from nearby pastoral holdings and the sugar plantations being developed along the river.</p><br>
<p>Although suffering a devastating cyclone in 1918, Mackay enjoyed a period of substantial growth through the 1920s and 1930s. It was the fastest growing town in Queensland, its population doubling between 1920 and 1940. This was largely because its connection to the North Coast railway line in 1924 improved access to markets and reduced transport costs, thus boosting not only the sugar industry, but also the developing dairy and tourist industries. Local Member and Premier of Queensland, William Forgan Smith, supported the growth of the region and important improvements were made to the infrastructure of the town and harbour. The construction of the new Queensland National Bank premises thus came at a time when Mackay was growing in economic importance in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Frederic Herbert (Herb) Faircloth and constructed by local builder, W Guthrie, at a cost of £15, 300. Faircloth was born in Maryborough in 1870 and was a pupil of German- trained Bundaberg architect Anton Hettrich. Faircloth set up his own practice in Bundaberg in 1893 and was very successful, eventually being responsible for the design of almost every major building in Bundaberg. He also made a major contribution to the appearance and character of Childers after a fire devastated the main street in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the National Bank of Australasia absorbed the Queensland National Bank, then in 1983 merged with the Commercial Bank of Australia to form the National Australia Bank. In 1986 the three branches of the National Australia Bank in Mackay were consolidated and this building was sold.</p><br>
<p>The building deteriorated as several proposals for re-use fell through, then in 1992 it was renovated and adapted in 1992 as commercial premises occupied by Metway Bank and other tentants. A single storey section was added to the front and side of the bank residence as part of the conversion to a Hog&#39;s Breath Cafe. There are internal connections between the buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the former bank building is occupied by a number of tenants with two cafes on the ground floor while the Hog&#39;s Breath Cafe continues to operate in the former residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>The former QN Bank Building</h3><br>
<p>The bank on the corner of Victoria and Woods Streets is of dark face brick with rendered elements and is highly decorated. Though having only two storeys, it is a tall building, with the ground floor raised above pavement level, a lofty ground floor and an upper floor with a deep parapet above it.</p><br>
<p>The building faces the intersection with two closely matched elevations and a curved corner entrance. Four giant order columns with Corinthian capitals dominate the front; the central two are freestanding and frame the entry; the others are engaged to brick pillars. The main entrance is framed by small columns and has a curved entablature over the lintel. A leadlight window sits over the door, which is now a modern one of glazed aluminium.</p><br>
<p>On each side of the corner section, a colonnade runs along the street elevation with a narrow arcade behind this, with a matching verandah on the first floor level. Pilasters 2 storeys high with Corinthian capitals, having round arches between at each level, form the colonnade. The ground floor has large arched windows to match, containing leadlight panes in their central part. The windows to the upper storey are rectangular. The verandah is railed with a balustrade of urn shaped masonry elements. This was repeated on the ground floor, but has been partially removed for access. Above an entablature decorated with the completed Roman detailing, the parapet contains matching balustrading. The veranda ceiling is decorative, pressed metal.</p><br>
<p>The banking chamber has moulded beams running between substantial piers, and pressed metal ceilings.</p><br>
<h3>Former Bank Residence</h3><br>
<p>The former bank residence is a two-storey building of rendered masonry with a relatively small rectangular plan area. It abuts the rear wall of the bank and is set back a few metres from the street and elevated. The windows are simple rectangles and the hipped roof is clad with corrugated iron and has shallow eaves lined with battens. The rafters are sawn to the profile: the sheets span self-supported out to the edge.</p><br>
<p>A balcony the full length of the first floor faces Woods Street. This is supported on cantilevered double joists and has turned posts. Moulded boards form a spandrel under the floor line and frieze at the eaves.</p><br>
<p>The space between the building and the boundary wall at both the front and sides has been filled with the corrugated iron roof of the new cafe extension.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank and its residence were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank building and residence is important in illustrating the development of Queensland because it was purpose built as premises for a bank formed to serve Queensland interests and needs when the state was a self-governing colony. The quality of its design and construction also demonstrate the importance of this regional branch at a time when Mackay was the fastest growing town in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a regional bank of its era, from the reassuring conservatism of its classically influenced design to the provision of a residence for the bank manager.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a prominent and finely detailed building that makes an important contribution to the townscape of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the life and work of important regional architect F H Faircloth. It is also associated with the development of the Queensland National Bank, the earliest of Queensland&#39;s indigenous banks.</p><br>
<p>The George S. Tiffany Cottage is a historic summer house on Aldrich Road in Islesboro, Maine. Built 1911-12 for a businessman from St. Louis, Missouri, it is a rare example in the state of the Prairie School of architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Islesboro occupies an eponymous island in Penobscot Bay, on the central Maine coast. The island is roughly shaped as two lobes joined by a narrow isthmus. A peninsula extends south from the southern lobe, ending at Pendleton Point, the southernmost tip of the island. Roughly midway on this peninsula, a smaller one named Shattuck Point juts west. The Tiffany Cottage is set on a waterfront lot on the southwest side of the Shattuck Point peninsula, accessed via Aldrich Road. It is a large two story V-shaped structure, with a hip roof and shingled exterior. At the point of the V, a bracketed gabled section projects toward the water, flanked by single-story entry porches. Windows are arrayed somewhat irregularly, with an emphasis on horizontal lines. One end of the building has a two-level porch under the roof, supported by Colonial Revival groups of posts. The interior of the house is predominantly Colonial Revival, with paneled wainscoting and a pilastered central hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1911-12 for George S. Tiffany, a businessman in the cotton industry from St. Louis, Missouri. Tiffanys father had been an early purchaser (1891) of land developed in the area by the Islesboro Land and Improvement Company, which promoted the community as a summer resort area. His fathers house burned in 1910. This house was designed by the St. Louis firm of Mauran, Russell & Crowell, and represents a melding of the distinctive styles of the Colonial Revival and the Prairie School.</p><br>
<p>The Tontine Building is a historic mixed-use commercial and residential building at 500 Coolidge Highway  in Guilford, Vermont. Built in 1819, it is a rare example of a Federal period commercial building in southeastern Vermont, and is one of only three buildings in the state known to have been financed by a tontine, a subscription-based investment model. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It has been rehabilitated and converted entirely into housing units.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tontine Building occupies a prominent location in the village center of Guilford, at the southwestern corner of Guilford Center Road and US 5, the latter a major regional north-south artery. The building sits on a roughly triangular lot, resulting in a somewhat unusual building configuration, with a typical Federal period main block facing US 5, and a long ell extending at an angle along Guilford Center Road, with a "flatiron" angled corner section. The building is two stories in height, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and foundation of mixed materials, including dry-laid rubblestone, brick, and concrete. The main facade has a typical 5-bay Federal appearance, with a center entrance framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature with projecting cornice. The angled corner section is two bays wide, continuing the sash windows found on the main facade. The ell is ten bays long, of which six are original to the building, and four represent a mid 19th-century conversion of what had been an attached barn. The interior of the building has some original features, including its original front staircase, but has otherwise been converted into seven modern residential units.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1819, by a group of local investors organized into a tontine. This form of subscription-based investment was popular in the 18th century, with investment payouts distributed to the surviving investors. This building was owned by its tontine group until 1869, and was operated primarily with a drugstore in the commercial space, with tenement units behind. The investment group that owned the building was responsible for significant development of the village of East Guilford in the mid 19th century. This building saw a variety of commercial and residential uses prior to its conversion in 2008-10 to an exclusive residential use.</p><br>
<p>Bates-Morse Mountain, located in Phippsburg, Maine, is a conservation area owned by the Bates-Morse Mountain Conservation Area Corporation. The terrain encompasses salt marshes and beach, all lined by dense Maine woods. The entirety of the mountain extends from the Sprague River to the Morse River. Seawall Beach is also along the mountain towards the top. The beaches that stretch along the outline of the mountain, are privately owned but are occasionally used, with permission, by the greater public for research, and recreation.</p><br>
<p>This conservation area of 600 acres is available to Bates students for academic, extracurricular, and research purposes. This area is mainly salt marshes and coastal uplands. The college participates in preserving the plants, animals and natural ecosystems within this area as a part of their Community-Engaged Learning Program. Due to overall size, the site is frequently used by other Maine schools such as Bowdoin College for their Nordic Skiing practices.</p><br>
<p>For the Beaver Dam Plantation in North Carolina, see Beaver Dam Plantation House.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Dam Plantation, also known as the William Cannon Houston House, is a historic mansion on a Southern plantation in Woodbury, Tennessee, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A log building was first built c. 1810. The plantation was acquired and expanded by politician William C. Houston in 1873. His son, Frank K. Houston, later Chairman of Chemical Bank (now known as CITIBANK), was born on the plantation. A formal dining-room was added circa 1880, and a rear porch circa 1930.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Dam began as a trading post. The name is born of the frustration of a fur trader named McFerrin, who disputed the claims of an unknown trapper, that one of his pelts was indeed, that of a beaver. Beaver Dam was also a stopping point along the infamous "Trail of Tears" along which the Cherokee Nation was forced to move to Oklahoma by then President Andrew Jackson.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Dam was the Civil War encampment site of General Nathan Bedford Forrest&#39;s 4th Tennessee Cavalry, before its raid on Murfreesboro. Family lore speculates that Judge W.C. Houston met his future father-in-law, Col. William S. McLemore of the Starnes-McLemore Unit (TN 4th Cavalry). However, in keeping with other family lore, it is more probable that young Houston, then ten or eleven years old, was kept hidden in the caves of Doolittle the home of his mother Elizabeth Morgan Houston Fugitt, in order to avoid conscription into the Confederate Army.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Dam was always a center of life in Cannon County, this included serving as the site where prospective soldiers signed their enlistment papers to join the USA and Confederate Armies. It served in this capacity from the War of 1812 until World War I.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Dam sits along the route of the first state highway in Tennessee, known as "State Route One", "The Memphis to Bristol Highway." The historic home has played host to many political luminaries, including Sam Rayburn, Jimmy Byrnes, John Nance Garner and Cordell Hull. Houston served in the USA House of Representatives as Chairman of the House Committees and Chairman of the House Committee on the Census. Judge Houston as he was commonly known was also a Presidential Elector.</p><br>
<p>William Cannon Houston was also an agricultural innovator and among other achievements, he built the first grain silo in the County. The Plantations crops included tobacco and wheat. Tennessee Walking Horses and cattle made up the rest of the plantations farming activities. Until 1973, the Plantation comprised 800 acres.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Significance</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 16, 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Congregational Church in Exeter was gathered in 1638 by Rev. John Wheelwright following his expulsion from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The current congregation is a merger of the former First Parish and Second Parish of Exeter. Second Parish split from First Parish in the 1700s during the Great Awakening over theological differences. The two congregations then reunited in the early 20th century. During the split Phillips Exeter Academy was founded by John Phillips and other members of the Second Parish. The current Phillips Exeter Academy chapel now occupies the building of the former Second Parish.</p><br>
<p>Today, the church has an active membership, a Sunday School, and various mission and outreach programs. The current Senior Pastor is author and minister Rev. Dr. Emily C. Heath. The congregation is a member of the United Church of Christ. It has been an Open and Affirming (actively welcoming LGBTQ people) congregation since 1996. They are also partnered with a church in Pfizda, Zimbabwe.</p><br>
<p>The current building, located at 21 Front Street in Exeter, New Hampshire, was built in 1798 and can seat 400 people. It is the fifth meeting house built by the congregation, and was designed by Ebenezer Clifford, a local builder, and has a number of distinctive features. Its hip roof is believed to be the earliest such roof built on a church in the state, and its only entrances were through the projecting entrance bay (unlike earlier traditional meeting houses, which had entrances on three sides). In 1838 the interior of the building was remodeled, removing box pews, and converting the gallery to a full second floor. The sanctuary is now located on the upper level, with meeting rooms and other facilities below. An addition was made to the rear of the church in 1930, giving it a more square footprint.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 as The Congregational Church (United Church of Christ) and alternately The First Church. There is a small, working memorial garden at the side of the church, in which are also buried town fathers Folsom and Gilman.</p><br>
<p>In literature, the church building figures in John Irving&#39;s 1989 novel A Prayer for Owen Meany. Irving grew up in the congregation.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 84-96 Hammond Street in Bangor, Maine, is a historically significant commercial and residential structure. Actually an amalgamation of three buildings constructed between 1834 and c. 1875, it is a rare surviving element of Bangor&#39;s once-significant furniture manufacturing industry, having seen use in that endeavor from the 1830s until the 1980s. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hammond Street, designated United States Route 2 and Maine State Route 100, is a major roadway leading west from downtown Bangor. The rambling structure at 84-96 Hammond is located two blocks west of West Market Square, on the south side of the street between Columbia and North High Streets. As viewed facing south from the street, the building has two sections, each five stories in height, a courtyard area now enclosed by a single-story structure with a recessed doorway, and a 3-1/2 story mansard-roofed clapboarded section.</p><br>
<p>The leftmost element, #84, is a brick structure built in 1834 by Albert and Edmond Dole that was originally three stories in height. It shares unified cornices at the fourth and fifth level with the adjacent wood frame block (#88), also built (in 1843) by the Doles. These building were used by the Doles, who were cabinetmakers, as a furniture factory until 1889. Chandler & Co., the next occupant, adapted the space for use as a retail furniture showroom, using some of the space for upholstery work and as a repair shop. During their ownership, #84 and #88 were both raised to five stories, and #96 was integrated into its facility, with the intervening courtyard space service as a shipping and loading area. It was home to the Bangor Furniture Company 1927-1989. It has since been converted into mixed retail/commercial/residential use.</p><br>
<p>Mapia Atoll , historically known as the Freewill Islands or San David, is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. It is located in Papua province of Indonesia, approximately 290 kilometers north of the city of Manokwari and 630 kilometers from the islands of Palau. It consists of two main islands, Bras  and Pegun , the smaller Fanildo, and two minor islands, Bras Kecil  and Fanildo Kecil . The islands constitute a part of Supiori Regency, Papua.</p><br>
<p>The atoll was once part of the Spanish Empire under the name of Güedes. According to Spanish researcher Emilio Pastor in a paper submitted to his government in 1948, a number of small islands in Micronesia (Kapingamarangi or Coroa, Mapia or Güedes, Ocea or Matador, and Rongerik or Pescadores) continue legally under Spanish sovereignty. This is because the text of the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 which transferred sovereignty of certain Spanish possessions in the Pacific to Germany, namely the Northern Mariana Islands (except Guam) and the Caroline Islands (including Palau), failed to include these smaller islands. Although the Spanish government studied the case in 1949 and accepted this interpretation, it has never formally reclaimed the islands.</p><br>
<p>The extinct Mapia language was spoken on the islands until the end of the 20th century. As of 2000, according to Ethnologue, there was one elderly speaker of the language remaining on the islands.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Mill Ruins is a heritage-listed sugar cane mill at Habana Road, Richmond, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1881. It is also known as Richmond Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Mill, Mackay was constructed in 1881 for John McBryde and Hector McKenzie Finlayson on 10 acres they purchased from the Richmond Estate. It was the first central mill in the district.</p><br>
<p>The pastoral lands of the Pioneer Valley had been discovered by John Mackay and an exploration party in May 1860. Rapid settlement followed as settlers took advantage of the recently proclaimed Land Act to occupy the rich country of the area. Through the 1860s large pastoral holdings were established throughout the valley, but these were challenged when the Queensland Government introduced legislation in 1868 to encourage closer settlement. By the early 1880s most pastoral land in the Pioneer Valley had been converted to agricultural land.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that sugar was first planted in the valley in 1865 on the Pioneer Plantation. Sugar production was encouraged by the Queensland Government because consumption of sugar in industrialised countries had increased enormously and supply had decreased as a result of the American Civil War. The British Government, through its Sugar and Coffee Regulations of 1864, also sought to encourage production of sugar in the colonies. By 1875, approximately 5,000 acres was under sugar cultivation in the Pioneer Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Estate, selected in 1870 by Hugh McCready, was located in the Pioneer Valley, North Queensland. It is believed that Andrew Cumming was in partnership with McCready and that the plantation took its name from one owned by Cumming on St Vincent Island, West Indies.</p><br>
<p>Cane production in the Pioneer Valley fell during the 1870s when rust disease destroyed most of the crops. During this time farmers concentrated on improving their production techniques and were more selective about the type of cane they planted. By the early 1880s, rust disease was under control and cane production doubled.</p><br>
<p>To meet the resulting increase in demand for milling facilities, the Richmond Sugar Company was formed in 1881, the principals being Scotsmen John McBryde and Hector McKenzie Finlayson. John McBryde had first settled at Rockhampton in 1863 where he established a coconut plantation and bred horses. Prior to 1878 he went to the Pioneer Valley where he formed a partnership with Finlayson to breed horses and grow cane on Glenalbyn, North Side. They also owned the Inverness Plantation with FW Poolman.</p><br>
<p>The aim of the Richmond Sugar Company was to develop a central mill to process cane for farmers in the surrounding district. The mill, which did not have its own plantation but relied solely on product from surrounding farms, has been hailed as a forerunner of the central mill concept because it was established four years before centralised milling became common in Mackay. Its establishment encouraged speculative investment in similar mills and investment in cane production because producers were now able to get their cane milled without having to process it themselves.</p><br>
<p>For a short while the Richmond Mill was the only central mill north of Bundaberg. It produced both golden syrup and refined sugar. The golden syrup was produced in the off season using a charcoal filter process. The company won awards at the Mackay Show in 1883 for golden syrup and its white sugar won first prize at the Melbourne Exhibition in 1888. They also won a medal in 1886 at the British Industries Exhibition in London for sugar refining and a medal in 1883 at the British Industries Exhibition in South Africa for sugar refining.</p><br>
<p>Mr Blackmore was the designer of the mill buildings and engineer for the construction of the machinery which was imported from A & W Smith of Glasgow. The mill was made up of a simple set of rollers 117 cm long and 56 cm in diameter and was driven by a 50 hp, horizontal steam powered engine with two boilers. It was the first mill in the Mackay district to be driven by steam rather than fire heated batteries when Aspinall steam heated evaporative batteries were installed.</p><br>
<p>The machinery was housed in a cathedral shaped building, 44 metres long and 9 metres wide, with the wings 9 metres by 6 metres. The juice tank, measuring 7 metres in diameter by 1120 mm in depth, with a 100mm pipe outlet, was built under the floor of the factory offices. William Robertson of the Victoria Foundry, Mackay built the 20 metre high chimney stack. It is similar in design to the Cornish boiler stacks of early North Queensland mining towns and was constructed of locally made brick. This brick, marked with an "H", most probably came from either Hardwick Brickworks in West Mackay or Hayward Brickworks at Walkerston. The machinery and building cost £10,000.</p><br>
<p>The mill was supplied by up to 7330 gallons of water per hour pumped from the nearby creek by a Cameron Pump. Within a short time a 9 metre deep well was constructed when the creek ran dry during a drought year. This well was built with two skins of brick, 230mm thick. It is believed that the well remained in use on the property until after the Second World War, when a windmill was built over it.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Valley became an attractive investment prospect as sugar production expanded and demand increased. With the growth in the industry the Victorian Sugar Company, a subsidiary of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, was formed. The company bought 16,000 acres of land in the district and erected the Homebush sugar mill to process its crop. At the same time the company continued to purchase sugar from smaller farmers. Other southern investors followed the lead of CSR which spelt the end for smaller enterprises such as the Richmond Mill.</p><br>
<p>The industry had reached a peak by the early 1880s and unfortunately inefficiencies in the industry were exposed when world sugar prices fell. Further pressure was placed on the industry when the government banned the importation of South Sea Islands labour. The resulting high cost of wages crippled the industry.</p><br>
<p>By 1888 the Richmond Mill was only producing 75 tons of sugar and in 1894 the mill and the Richmond Estate plantations were offered for sale. The mill was closed in 1895 and a caretaker appointed.</p><br>
<p>William Begg Fordyce arrived from Scotland in 1888. He came to the mill as a ploughman and was later appointed caretaker/manager. After his appointment Fordyce appears to have been involved in dismantling the mill. The buildings were removed along with most of the mill machinery. The stack, boiler, juice pan, well and machinery foundations remain on the site. Fordyce, who as manager shared in the mill profits, later purchased up to 1,000 acres of the former Richmond Estate, including the Richmond Mill site.</p><br>
<p>The present owner of the mill site is Mr EC Denman, who is the great-grandson of Andrew Cumming, original owner of the Richmond Estate, through the marriage of Cumming&#39;s daughter Helen Jane to Edward Denman.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Richmond Mill is situated on the Habana Road, about 14 km from Mackay on its northern side. The ruins of the mill are now part of a small private property of some 4.5 acres, surrounded by undulating canefields. At present, the Richmond Mill Ruins site includes the remnants of the mill train foundations, the brick chimney stack, the brick-lined well, a boiler, the juice tank, and many other artefacts including pans, tools and machinery parts. The mill site is in the north-eastern corner of the present property, with Habana Road running parallel to the southern boundary. Near the entrance from the road are the remains of a brick kitchen fireplace and levelled ground indicating the site of the original homestead. Behind the present residence is further levelled ground reputed to be the site of the managers house. Towards the centre of the site are several ruinous timber and corrugated iron buildings which were also part of the mill complex. The first is the old garage, then the single-roomed caretaker-managers quarters with a small verandah on its south side, and the larger workmens quarters, which has partially collapsed. It is believed there were other workmen&#39;s quarters to the west of this building.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the timber outbuildings is a grove of trees on a slight bank, in which is nestled the juice tank. Still in its original location, the steel sides of the tank measure some 7 metres in diameter and 1.12 metres in depth, with a 100mm pipe outlet. Its top is no longer enclosed, and the offices and laboratory which reputedly sat above no longer exist.</p><br>
<p>Then in a partial clearing at the north-east corner of the property are the ruins of the mill, still in its setting of canefields. The most dominant feature of the mill is the brick chimney stack, which is still visible from the road. It is some 20 metres (65 ft) high, slightly tapered and finished with corbelled and dentil courses at the top. The bricks measure 9" by 4" by 3", and are laid in English bond separated by 15mm of sand/lime mortar. At the base are two openings on opposite sides with arched brick lintels. On the eastern face is the remains of the lightning conductor. On the inside faces of the stack are recesses in the brickwork which apparently were for housing the scaffolding as the stack was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Beside the stack is an open pan, some 2.2 metres in diameter. It is said to have come from the nearby Inverness Mill, but is very similar to the one which was at the Richmond Mill, which was said to have been mounted on a brick base. To the north of the stack is an area of brick paving believed to be the floor of the mill building. Within this paving are holes which may have been for the vacuum pan stand, under which was housed the smaller 12 hp engine. Also in this area is another brick and concrete stand and a shallow pit, about one metre in diameter which is partially collapsed. Further to the north is a concrete trough which housed the fugals, which were driven by belts from the nearby 12 hp engine. Here centrifugal spinning separated the molasses from the granule sugar.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the stack are three pairs of brick and concrete stands being the foundations of the mill train, which carried the rollers and engines. At present, several fig trees have taken root and are growing over these foundations. There are remnants of the rollers and other machinery on one pair of foundations. To the west of the foundations once ran the carrier, which transported the cane from where it was unloaded into the rollers. It was a continuous belt of timber slats housed in steel chains running between axles, and remnants of these chains and axles remain. Beside the foundations is a copper tray, also reputedly from a nearby mill. To the east of the stack is the remains of a boiler. It was one of two which provided steam for the larger 50 hp engine which powered the mill. It was located beside the stack originally.</p><br>
<p>At the north-east corner of the site is the well. It is some 9 m (30 ft) deep with about a metre of silt at the bottom. Constructed of brick, it has only the top seven courses mortared. Recent remedial work has included the addition of a second brick skin to the exterior to strengthen its walls.</p><br>
<p>The site immediately to the south of the well is believed to be that of the blacksmith&#39;s shop, and to the west several holes now filled indicate this was probably the site of the refinery. Scattered through the site is a large collection of artefacts including tools and machinery parts from this mill site and other locations.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Mill Ruins was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Mill is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history because of its contribution to the early sugar refining industry and as an example of the earliest central milling process in the Mackay district.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The site demonstrates a rare and endangered aspect of Queensland&#39;s history because the mill chimney stack is the last remaining stack in the district.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has the potential to reveal information which could contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s heritage, the mill remnants being important in demonstrating the early use of steam power in the sugar extraction process, which was first introduced to the Mackay district at Richmond Mill.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay community, which has a strong and active interest in its history, values the Richmond Mill Ruins because of its association with the early sugar industry and for the landmark and aesthetic qualities of the chimney stack.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay community, which has a strong and active interest in its history, values the Richmond Mill Ruins because of its association with the early sugar industry and for the landmark and aesthetic qualities of the chimney stack.</p><br>
<p>Hardwicke Bay is a bay in the Australian state of South Australia located on the west coast of Yorke Peninsula in Spencer Gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Extent & description</h2><br>
<p>Hardwicke Bay is located on the west coast of the Yorke Peninsula within Spencer Gulf in South Australia. It lies between the headland of Corny Point at its southern extremity and the southern end of Wardang Island at its northern extremity.</p><br>
<p>The depth of water within the bay is reported as generally in the range of 14.6 m to 20.1 m with the exception of the waters within 5 - of the south coast of Wardang Island where the depths are reported as being “very irregular”.</p><br>
<p>The bay is reported as being suitable as an anchorage where there is a need to shelter from southerly winds, particularly as most parts of the bay has rocky bottom suitable for anchoring on.</p><br>
<p>The bay’s coastline consists generally of sandy beaches that rise into low sandhills with a woodland cover with occasional rocky headlands.</p><br>
<p>As of 2005, navigation aids within Hardwicke Bay include the Corny Point Lighthouse at the Corny Point headland and a light on Wardang Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay was named after the Earl of Hardwicke by the British navigator, Matthew Flinders on 19 March 1802.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements and port infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Settlements located on the coast of Hardwicke Bay (from south west to north east) within localities include the following - Corny Point, The Pines, Point Turton, Hardwicke Bay, Bluff Beach, Port Rickaby and Port Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Port infrastructure within the bay consists of jetties and boat ramps. Jetties are located at Point Turton, Port Rickaby and Port Victoria. Boat ramps are located (from the south west to north east) at The Pines, Point Souttar, Point Turton, the settlement of Hardwicke Bay, Port Minlacowie, Bluff Beach, Port Rickaby and Port Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Economic use</h2><br>
<p>As of 2013, three areas within the southern end of the bay have been zoned under state planning legislation for aquaculture. As of 2011, part of the north end of the bay was proposed for aquaculture under the name of the “Point Pearce prospective aquaculture zone.”</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>Protected areas located within and adjoining the bay’s extent include the following. The Eastern Spencer Gulf Marine Park occupies the northern end of the bay as far south as Wauraltee Beach. The Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park occupies the southern end of the bay. The Leven Beach Conservation Park adjoins part of the south coast of the bay to the immediate west of the settlement at Point Turton.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is a heritage-listed Anglican mission at 12 Cowleys Road, Racecourse, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1890s to 1918. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The core of Selwyn House, was constructed on land which originally formed part of the Meadowlands Plantation owned by William Henry Hyne and George Francis Bridgman. The first section of the building was likely to have been constructed, when prominent missionary, Mary Goodwin Robinson operated the Selwyn Mission. Mrs Robinson was involved in the Selwyn Mission, as it was to become known, from its establishment, until her departure from the Mackay area due to ill health in 1903. Extensions to the northern side of the house were added in 1914 and to the southern side in.</p><br>
<p>In search of new pastoral land, John Mackay and his party entered and named the valley of the Mackay River in 1860, and the following year he returned to establish a cattle station. In 1862, the ketch Presto entered the Mackay River landing stores and building materials, then surveyed the river mouth, which consequently was gazetted as a Port of Entry. The first settlers arrived in October 1862, establishing the settlement of Port Mackay on the south bank of the river. In January 1863, John Tanner Baker was appointed Sub Collector of Customs for the new port. He arrived in February setting up in a tent, but soon established the Customs Office in a corner of the large store of Byrnes, Basset and Co. located on the riverbank. By the end of 1863, the name of the river had been changed to the Pioneer River, the first survey of the town of Mackay had been made, and the first land sale of town lots had been held.</p><br>
<p>The first sugar cane was planted in the Mackay region in 1865 and by the 1870s the industry was well established in the area. Queensland plantations turned to Kanaka indentured labour at this time as it was believed that Europeans could not perform manual labour in the tropics. The methods used to recruit South Sea Island people and the conditions within which they worked were the subject of considerable criticism, and so from the mid 1880s, a series of Government Acts sought to replace the large plantations worked by South Sea Islanders with small independent farms supplying central mills.</p><br>
<p>The Deed of Grant for the property on which Selwyn House was to be constructed was issued to William Henderson on 6 August 1866. (An area of just over 18 acres, the property was described as Portion 199.) Ownership was transferred to John Francis William Fitzgerald in December 1871. Fitzgerald was in partnership with Albert Throckmorton Ball, a pastoralist turned sugar grower. They continued in partnership, however, they incurred serious losses through the rust of 1875. The property was transferred to Michael McCluskey in September 1873. McCluskey was a publican and owned the Horse and Jockey Hotel, on Nebo Road, from 1869-76. Following his death in 1876, the property was acquired by George Francis Bridgman and William Henry Hyne. At this time, it became part of their Meadowlands Estate, first established in 1870.</p><br>
<p>Similar to most European communities in Australia, the early settlers in Mackay in the 1860s began to feel a need for a religious presence. Initially, the community had to rely on visits from the clergy. Dr Edward Tufnell, Anglican Bishop of Brisbane called into the fledgling town in 1863, married two couples and arranged to have land bought for the church. A Roman Catholic priest was appointed in Mackay in November 1865. An Anglican clergyman arrived in 1867 to establish a parish. The first to show concern for the South Sea Islanders was Reverend Albert A Maclaren, Anglican priest in Mackay from mid-1878 until early 1883, and in 1891, founder of the Anglican mission in Papua New Guinea. It was through Maclaren&#39;s urging that the first Christian missions for South Sea Island people in Queensland were established. In 1876, the Mackay Mercury began to advocate the introduction of missions for South Sea Islanders in Queensland. At Mackay, Father Maclaren was able to interest Mary Goodwin Robinson in ministering to South Sea Island workers. Mary Robinson was the wife of Henry John Goodwin Robinson. In 1877, HJG Robinson took up a position as manager of Branscombe plantation. By Mary Robinson had begun giving Bible lessons to South Sea Islanders in her home. It has been suggested that Mary Robinson began teaching as early as 1879. Mrs Robinson, knowing many planters and plantation managers, asked for donations and funds to continue her work. Hyne and Bridgman of Meadowlands Plantation donated just over 3 acres of land.</p><br>
<p>By 1884, Branscombe Plantation had closed and HJG Robinson was transferred to Te Kowai Plantation, where he remained until 1890. HJG Robinson then took on the management of Marian Plantation, with Mary Robinson having to transfer her headquarters to Marian. After several years at Marian Mill the Robinsons returned to the Te Kowai area in, at this time it is likely that HJG Robinson was involved in the Racecourse Mill, which began operation in 1889 as one of the first central mills in the district. It was around the time of the Robinsons&#39; return to the area that a mission building was constructed on the land earlier donated by Hyne and Bridgman of Meadowlands. It is likely that this building forms the core of Selwyn House, which was a simple three room cottage design with a verandah.</p><br>
<p>Bridgman and Hyne held the property until September 1901, when title was transferred to the Corporation of the Diocesan Synod of North Queensland. At this time, the portion of land was subdivided. The subdivision comprised the area of just over three acres which Hyne and Bridgman had earlier donated to the Selwyn Mission. Here Mary Robinson ran a school for Melanesians. The response she received is reflected in a letter she wrote to Bishop Christopher Barlow on 15 April 1901. Robinson states that:"I ought to have written ere this and reported myself, but indeed have scarcely known which way to turn for the crowds of heathens pouring in every night afresh to the School, making me feel quite alarmed as to where to put them all! What a harvest there promises for the future. I ask your prayers that I may have the strength and health to gather them in."From 1882 to 1903 Mary Robinson operated the Robinson, later Selwyn, Mission. In 1903, when old and seriously ill, Robinson retired to Adelaide. As the mission became established she had trained Melanesian lay preachers and had a European assistant. These people carried on the missions work after Robinsons departure, but at a new base at St Marys Church at Pioneer on the north side of the river. Alex Sayven was lay preacher at St Mary&#39;s from 1905 to 1914. By 1928, it was observed that the "seed from the Selwyn Mission has been carried far".</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House was sold in 1903 to Thomas James Whitcomb. During 1903, Whitcomb was elected Chairman of Directors of the Racecourse Central Mill Company. He remained in that position until his retirement in 1915. Whitcomb may not have lived at the property during the earlier years of his ownership, as he is listed at a different address for several years. He undertook major extensions in 1914 and it is likely that, at this time, the house was raised on blockwork as well as the addition of the northern wing, complete with pressed metal walls and ceilings. It is likely that a section of pressed metal in the former verandah area was completed at this time. The property remained in the Whitcomb family until 1918. During Whitcombs time as Chairman of Directors, the Racecourse Central Mill consolidated its resources with the purchase of Meadowlands Mill. Negotiations were commenced in January 1914. At the annual meeting of Racecourse shareholders held on 25 February 1914, the directors decision to purchase Meadowlands was ratified. In February 1915, TJ Whitcomb retired from the Board.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the house was purchased by James Mark Gibson, a major figure in the local sugar industry and the building was extended again, this time with the addition of a wing on the southern side, following heavy cyclone damage. Gibson was one of the largest sugar growers in the Mackay district and was involved with the Racecourse Mill for over 56 years; as chief chemist, manager and from 1923, as director. On his death in 1964, the house was divided into two flats and remained that way until the house was purchased and reverted it back from flats to a house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Selwyn House is a single story, high-set house set on timber and concrete stumps. The house comprises a fibro clad central section with enclosed verandah, flanked on the north and south by wings clad with ripple iron, with projecting, hipped gable roofs to the front (east) and the rear (west). The roof of the enclosed central, projecting porch, with its hipped roof is similar in style to the projecting north and south wings. The roof is clad with corrugated, galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>The north wing has a bay window in the front and casement windows along the northern elevation. The south wing has timber-framed, double hung sash windows in the front elevation and timber-framed, double- hung sash windows along the southern elevation. The lower section of the house has timber lattice work on the front (eastern) elevation. Originally, two sets of external stairs were located on either side of the open porch. The porch has been enclosed with a series of windows on three sides. The original timber brackets are extant. Located at the rear (southern) side of the house, at the north and south ends, are two timber staircases.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the original, now central, core of Selwyn House is evident and is clad with timber chamferboards. French doors open from the core to the enclosed verandahs. All the doors are extant. On the western side of the enclosed verandah, bathroom facilities have been built. The room on the northern side of the core is clad with vertically joined timber. The room on the southern side of the core is clad with fibro. An archway is located in this room, forming one large area. This room is likely to have originally been two smaller rooms. On the eastern side of the verandah, a doorway leads to the centrally located, projecting porch. This room is clad with fibro. A wall has been added to divide the verandah. Timber-framed casements windows with coloured panes of glass are located along the eastern wall of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the north wing consists of one large room divided by a timber arch. This room appears to have originally been two rooms. The design of the pressed metal detail on the walls and ceiling is different in each room. Two doorways are located along the northern wing&#39;s wall. One is a set of French doors, with ornate leadlight detail, breezeway and fanlight assembly, leading to the central section of the house.</p><br>
<p>Internally, a pressed metal ceiling on the northern side of the house. The only internal wall clad with ripple iron is also located on the northern side of the house.</p><br>
<p>The southern wing is similar in style to the northern wing but less ornate. Internally, the south wing has horizontally lined with ventilators located in the timber lined ceiling. The kitchen is outfitted with s decor and a stove recess is located in the southern side of the western wall. The room is clad with horizontally joined timber.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is situated amongst a number of mature palm trees and garden plantings. Two mature mango trees mark part of the western boundary line. While the area has undergone some changes, particularly with the establishment of businesses in the vicinity, Selwyn House is still predominantly surrounded by large areas of sugar cane and the Racecourse Mill is located only a short distance away in a generally south-westerly direction.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Selwyn House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed, the core of Selwyn House is significant for its connection with the Selwyn Mission, established, and the education of indentured South Sea Islander labour and for its close connection with the sugar industry in Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is significant as a possible rare extant, though now modified structure utilised during the period.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is significant as a possible rare extant, though now modified structure utilised during the period. Further historical research will reveal more about the construction date.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>From the earlier simple, verandahed timber dwelling to the large house with intact pressed metal linings and external and internal ripple iron cladding, suitable for entertaining guests of a mill directors, the growth and development of Selwyn House has closely mirrored the development of the sugar industry in Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is significant as a focus for local memory regarding the role played by South Sea Islander labour in the establishment of Mackay and the surrounding area as one of Queensland&#39;s premier sugar-growing areas. South Sea Islander people have all expressed a high level of interest in the house for its social value. Oral histories maintain that the bell which used to be located on the property was rung to bring people together..</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House is significant as it has strong social significance for residents of the Mackay and surrounding areas and is highly valued by the community. Selwyn House was identified in the Mackay Region Pilot Heritage Study.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is significant for its association with Mary Goodwin Robinson who established the Selwyn Mission, and was involved with it until her departure from the Mackay area in 1903. Mary Robinson provided a level of education to indentured South Sea Islander people who worked on the sugar plantations.</p><br>
<p>Selwyn House stands as a demonstration of the prosperity and vigorous growth of the industry and as an illustration of the lifestyle of major figures in this development, especially Thomas Whitcomb and James Gibson, both of whom held the position of Chairman of Directors at the Racecourse Central Mill.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Uniting Church is a heritage-listed church at 21 MacAlister Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Walter Carey Voller and built from 1898 to 1918. It is also known as St Pauls Presbyterian Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church is a large single-storeyed timber building which was opened as St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian church in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian congregation in Mackay was established in 1872. The first church was erected in 1875 and the manse was built three years later. Following the appointment of Reverend James Gibson in 1895 the congregation flourished and plans for a new church were begun. The design by Brisbane architect Walter Carey Voller was accepted and construction began in 1897. Gibson, who claimed to have hammered in many of the nails himself, was prominent in the church in Queensland, three times Moderator, he was also a founder of Emmanuel College and Theological Hall. He later became Moderator-General of the Presbyterian Church in Australia.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 Mackay was hit by the worst cyclone in its history which destroyed whole blocks of the city centre and much of the housing stock. The Anglican and Methodist churches, and the earlier Presbyterian church then used as a hall, were also destroyed. The new church suffered some damage. While undertaking repairs the choir loft and Elders&#39; Court were added. A pipe organ was installed in 1953.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-storey timber-framed building is set on low timber and concrete stumps and clad in chamferboards. It has steeply pitched gable roofs sheeted with galvanised corrugated iron. The church is located in an established streetscape of mature trees, between two similarly scaled buildings, the Sunday School hall (1919) and the Youth Centre (1958).</p><br>
<p>A traditional Latin cross plan, the church consists of a wide nave, two short transept wings, a chancel that contains the choir loft, a projecting organ bay and private rooms. The western end of the nave faces the street and is the main point of entry.</p><br>
<p>The front facade consists of a high gable wall with a lower attached skillion roof and wall that joins two gabled entry vestibules. The twin vestibules are positioned on the north west and south west corners of the nave. Each has a set of arched timber entry doors approached by a short flight of timber stairs. The building is symmetrical except for an elaborately detailed timber belfry located over the north west entry vestibule. This picturesque element has a steep hip roof with a broken pitch. Two additional gable roofed entry porches are located on the eastern side of the transepts.</p><br>
<p>The confined space of the entry vestibules opens onto a spacious nave with a high vaulted ceiling and finely detailed exposed beams and trusses. At the end of the nave a chancel arch frames the organ and choir loft. A dais with low timber balustrades is located in front of the choir screen under the crossing. The pulpit and baptismal font are positioned on this dais.</p><br>
<p>The transepts are visually separated from the crossing by structural timber columns and decorative timber arches that span between the columns. Tall slender arched windows with panels of coloured glass are arranged in pairs or groups of three. There are three stained glass windows of more recent design in the front facade. Externally the windows have timber hood moulds following the line of the arches.</p><br>
<p>The church has most of its original fittings and is very intact. Minor additions are in keeping with the character of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Pauls Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Uniting Church demonstrates uncommon aspects of Queenslands cultural heritage as it is a rare example of an intact 19th century timber church in North Queensland. St Paul&#39;s Uniting Church is one of the few public buildings in Mackay which withstood the 1918 cyclone.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Uniting Church demonstrates the principal characteristics of a provincial 19th century timber church.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Uniting Church accomplished design in terms of massing and composition, and its picturesque classical and gothic detailing exhibit aesthetic characteristics which are valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Uniting Church has been strongly associated with the Presbyterian community and later the Uniting Church parish of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Uniting Church has a special association with James Gibson, who initiated the project.</p><br>
<p>Sugar Research Institute is a heritage-listed former research station at 239 Nebo Road, West Mackay, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Karl Langer and built in 1853 by Don Johnstone. Harold Vivian Marsh Brown designed a second stage in 1963 that was built in 1966. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 March 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mackay Sugar Research Institute was constructed in 1953 by builder Don Johnstone to a design by prominent architect Karl Langer. Initially, only one section, the eastern wing, was constructed, with the second or western wing opened in August 1966. Mackay architect HVM Brown prepared plans for the second stage of the building in 1963 based on Langer&#39;s original design.</p><br>
<p>Following the exploration and mapping of pastoral runs in the Mackay district in the early 1860s, the fertile land was soon reduced to smaller selections. It was found that the region was particularly suited to the growing of sugar cane and by 1870 the production of sugar was the region&#39;s principal industry. The development of the industry was assisted by the opening of a State Nursery in 1889. Originally built to explore the suitability of diverse forms of agriculture, the "Lagoons" site became the centre for research into cane varieties and more efficient methods of production. Renamed the Mackay Sugar Experiment Station and including laboratories and residences, it was transferred to the Te Kowai mill site in 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations had been formed in 1900 as part of the Department of Agriculture and Stock with its work financed by levies on sugar growers and millers, matched by government funding. It co-ordinated the research carried out in the three sugar-growing regions of Mackay, Cairns and Bundaberg comparing cane varieties, sampling soils and fostering better farming and irrigation methods. Millers, represented by the Australian Sugar Producers&#39; Association, became increasingly dissatisfied with their lack of control over the direction and activities of the Bureau. This was somewhat deferred by the formation of the technology branch of the Bureau.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1929, the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technologists held its first conference at Cairns in 1930, convened by Norman Bennett of the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations. This was after preliminary meetings of the representatives of 16 sugar mills, six engineering firms and the Central Cane Prices Board. Other absentee mill owners were reputedly uncertain about disclosing trade secrets that such an alliance might bring but the formation of the group was in the face of "stark ruin, with overseas prices on which cheap labour countries could not exist. To some it appeared that the expansion of the previous period had been a mistake..." a situation which was to repeat in years to come. By 1948 both the Queensland Cane Growers Council and the Australian Sugar Producers Association were again concerned and angry because the Bureau had lost a string of highly skilled personnel, to more highly paid jobs.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the Australian sugar industry comprised mainly small cane farms located along the continents tropical and sub-tropical Queensland and New South Wales coastline. The 5.5 million tonne cane crop, almost entirely grown in Queensland, was crushed by 34 raw sugar mills, most of which were owned co-operatively by growers. The highly regulated sugar industry was still recovering from material and labour shortages caused by World War II and was endeavouring to reassert its position in the world marketplace as a steady, consistent supplier of raw sugar. To achieve this goal, the industrys leaders determined they would have to expand cane production and the factories would have to improve sugar recovery and increase processing rates. The key was a speedy improvement in technological standards. As the government refused to entertain a proposal to place the Bureau of Experiment Stations outside the public service the Sugar Producers&#39; Association formed a committee to draft the constitution for a new sugar industry funded and controlled research institute.</p><br>
<p>Sugar Research Limited was incorporated on 22 February 1949 with 22 companies representing 24 mills as original subscribers, although some smaller mills joined soon thereafter and the Colonial Sugar Refinery provided an annual payment. The inaugural board of Sugar Research Ltd first met in March 1949 with its most pressing tasks being the appointment of a director and establishing a centre for research.</p><br>
<p>Dr Henry William (Bill) Kerr, who had joined the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations in 1928, progressing to be the director from 1933 to 1943, was appointed the first Director of the Sugar Research Institute (1949–61). Kerr was the driving force behind the establishment of the institute and well known in the Australian sugar industry for his important achievements. He developed and implemented soil analytical procedures for the assessment of available phosphorus, potassium and total replaceable bases. He introduced to sugar agriculture a system of replicated experiments, with statistical analysis and interpretation of results. Kerr was a member of the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (from 1979 the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists) from its establishment in 1929 until his death in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The board decided to establish the Sugar Research Institute&#39;s central laboratories in Mackay, as an acknowledgement that Mackay in 1949 was both the largest sugar growing district (out of the three main sugar growing areas - Bundaberg, Cairns and Mackay) as well as being the geographical centre of the Australian sugar industry. The board invited Dr Karl Langer to discuss building plans.</p><br>
<p>Karl Langer was born in Vienna in 1903 where he lived until migrating to Australia in 1939 with his wife Gertrude. Langer studied architecture in Vienna graduating in 1926. During this time he had worked in the office of Josef Frank, who was to become well known in Swedish modernism. In 1933 Langer was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy for his thesis entitled "Origins and Development of Concrete Construction".</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of World War II, Langer and Gertrude arrived in Sydney in May 1939 proceeding to Brisbane in July. Langer left employment with Queensland Railways in 1946 to establish his own architectural practice. He worked throughout Australia and was the initiator of many influential urban design ideas such as the site for the Sydney Opera House and the pedestrianisation of Queen Street. He was the designer of buildings such as Main Roads Building, Spring Hill; St Peters Chapel, Indooroopilly; Lennon&#39;s Broadbeach Hotel on the Gold Coast, and worked in the regional centres of Queensland as an architect, town planner and landscape architect.</p><br>
<p>The name Karl Langer is now synonymous with modernist architecture in Queensland and his connection with Mackay predates the building. Langer had been offered the position of assistant town planner in the Brisbane City Council in 1944 but the controversy and publicity surrounding this appointment brought him to the attention of the Mackay City Council which commissioned him to revise that city&#39;s town plan.</p><br>
<p>Langer was also an acquaintance of the secretary of the Sugar Research Institute and was engaged to design the building with offices, boardroom, drawing office and a library and lecture room on the ground floor. The first floor was to house research laboratories. The design provided a single storey utility building, an annexe to the main structure, containing workshops, stores and a machinery room. Later, a second wing could be added to the main building providing additional workshops and laboratory space to cater for expansion of the research institute.</p><br>
<p>A residence for the director was planned next to the laboratories. According to the original plans for the main building and utilities building the tender for the directors house was described as being "under a separate tender." However this may refer to the construction of the building being under a separate tender rather than its design which is also attributed to Langer. Mrs Betty Kerr, HW Kerrs wife, discussed with Langer the need for some alterations to the design of the residence. One particular change related to the need to block the view to the kitchen from the front door. Prior to Mrs Kerr requesting this change a person at the front door was able to see through to the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Langers plans also provided for the landscaping of the site as well as the provision of a caretakers cottage. The caretakers cottage is currently let to tenants. Whilst Langers plans provided for a caretakers cottage it is unclear if the existing building which was used as a caretakers cottage was purpose-built or if the building was already existing when the land was purchased by the institute. The stylistic indicators of the building including its hipped roof, lack of sunhoods due to wide eaves and its corner casement windows suggest a date of mid to late 1930.</p><br>
<p>Langer&#39;s pioneering use of climatic design in Queensland can be seen in the main institute building in the decorative restraint evident in the facade detailing and composition, the efficient but spacious planning of the building and the consideration given to a northern orientation. The northern orientation allowed for improved shading in summer and better light in winter. With the laboratories located on the southern side of the building this orientation allowed for a more even distribution of light to these areas.</p><br>
<p>Post-war shortages of both skilled labour and materials caused costs to escalate. The new director insisted that the director&#39;s residence both accommodate his wife and family of five children plus their maid and "be of a type appropriate to the status of director" and suitable for entertaining guests from overseas. Escalating costs meant that Kerr was asked to modify his expectations and the institute building was completed in stages.</p><br>
<p>The sugar industry, in 1949, was on the threshold of the buoyant sugar markets of the 1950s and in 1950 Justice Alan Mansfield was appointed to head a Royal Commission for the orderly expansion of the industry. Most mills prepared ambitious plans.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Research Institute - "a monument to the Australian sugar industry" - was opened on Saturday, 22 August 1953 by then Federal Treasurer, Sir Arthur Fadden. More than 100 official guests attended the opening during which Fadden stated that "there was no industry in Australia better organised than sugar production" and that "sugar is not only a Queensland industry, not only a national industry, but an international industry of great importance".</p><br>
<p>The building provided an environment for chemists and engineers to scientifically study the milling process in co-operation with its practical application. The Institute&#39;s focus from its establishment was to find solutions to industry problems via a program of short-term research and strategic design and construction projects. As a non-government funded research institute, the Sugar Research Institute is comparably rare. CSR was involved in experimental research, so whilst the Sugar Research Institute is not the only example of a private research institution, it is still unusual.</p><br>
<p>The landscaping of the Institute was part of Langers design, which included the planting of royal palms (Roystonea regia) along the roadside perimeter. The palms were planted in 1954 (a total of 58 at the time) to represent each of the Institutes member mills. The second half of the building, the mirror image of the first side, was completed to Langer&#39;s original design and opened in August 1966. Mackay architect Harold Vivian Marsh Brown prepared plans for the second stage of the building in 1963.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-five years after being established, Institute-researched improvements in mill technology had tripled sugar production. By 1972 the Institute had developed improvements in cane transportation by improving scheduling, and reducing operating costs and capital expenditure; milling research that improved extraction through improved performance and reductions in capital expenditure; clarification studies that reduced losses and lime consumption; sugar quality; effluent treatment; elongated grain and filterability penalties and air pollution by developing suitable equipment to meet the standards set.</p><br>
<p>The institutes annual general meetings and technical conferences were always well attended providing opportunities for mill personnel to discuss any issues with factories and to liaise with colleagues. The meetings and conferences were held in the main building in the library/lecture hall on the ground floor, the ETS Pearce Library, until the Charles Young Conference Hall was opened. Eddie Pearce was the General Secretary of the Australian Sugar Producers Association and was a major contributor in the establishment of the Sugar Research Institute.</p><br>
<p>On 31 August 1973 the Charles Young Conference Hall and laboratories were opened by Rex Patterson then Minister for Northern Development. The hall and laboratories is located to west of the main building and is connected via a covered walkway. The building was named in honour of Charles Young in recognition of his services as founding Chairman from January 1949 to August 1973.</p><br>
<p>The 1990s were a time of economic stringency and an uncertain future. Destabilisation in world markets and changes in US sugar import quotas led to industry restructuring and streamlining in areas such as sugar industry research funding. The Sugar Research Institute, whilst reduced in staff numbers and outsourcing some contracts continued its research and development.</p><br>
<p>As reported by the Environmental Protection Agency&#39;s Sustainable Industries Unit in October 2004, the Institute developed more efficient condensers for sugar mills. Researchers at the Institute had observed that some vapour condensers operated more efficiently than others, requiring less cooling water flow and subsequently less electrical power for the cooling water circuit. The Institute obtained funding through the Sustainable Energy Innovation Fund to analyse the operation of several existing vapour condensers at sugar factories, to develop an improved condenser design to increase efficiency and to monitor the performance of two new condensers built with the new design.</p><br>
<p>Two prototype condensers were constructed and installed. Compared with conventional designs, the units achieved reductions in cooling water flow rates. By adopting design modifications, the Institute estimated the cooling water flow would be reduced by up to 12%, yielding a proportional reduction in energy consumption for water pumping and cooling tower fans leading to annual energy savings. Besides the two prototype condensers three other condensers at Millaquin and Tully Sugar Mills were subsequently constructed and installed for the 2004 crushing season.</p><br>
<p>Individual researchers from the Sugar Research Institute have also received peer recognition, including the prestigious Sugar Industry Technologists Crystal Award presented to Dr Peter Wright in 2003. The Crystal Award is presented to individuals who have contributed notably to the technological advancement of the sugar refining industry.</p><br>
<p>Dr Wright began his career as a sugar technologist with the Sugar Research Institute in 1957. He is the first Queenslander, and the fourth Australian to receive the Crystal Award. Sugar Industry Technologists Inc was founded in the United States in 1941 by several North American sugar refineries. It has since grown to become an international association with a combined membership of approximately 100 corporate sugar refining companies and corporate allied companies with over 500 individual members worldwide.</p><br>
<p>On 1 July 2005, Sugar Research Limited, trading as Sugar Research Institute, entered into an exclusive affiliation with Queensland University of Technology, providing stakeholders with access to research and consulting facilities. By June 2006 the sale of the property was finalised with the research work of the Institute being transferred to Brisbane. The building was then advertised for lease.</p><br>
<p>It was subsequently refurbished and adapted for use as the Parklands Mackay Business Hub serviced offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sugar Research Institute is located along Nebo Road, the main southern highway in and out of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Research Institute complex is made up of the Main Building, attached Garages, Directors Residence, and Workshop. A covered walkway to the west links the Main Building to a Conference Hall and office/laboratory building. A free-standing laboratory/office building is located behind this group. A corrugated, galvanised iron shed/garage is located at the south east extremity of the site, adjacent to the rear vehicle entrance. A small caretaker&#39;s cottage is located at the south west corner.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building, attached Garages, Directors Residence, and Workshop were constructed in 1953, with the west wing added in 1966. This addition is not readily perceived from the exterior as it has followed the original design intent. The difference in construction period is more apparent from internal finishes and fittings.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape Features</h3><br>
<p>The dominant landscape feature is the double row of royal palms (Roystonea regia) that line the roadside perimeter of the site. A low face-brick fence runs along the roadside boundary with pillars marking the entrances. A circular bitumen drive is centred on the front entrance of the building.</p><br>
<p>There are several large established trees adjacent to the Director&#39;s Residence and scattered about the site. Planting beds are located immediately in front of the two wings of the main building and within the circular driveway. There is an established, fenced-off domestic garden behind the house.</p><br>
<p>There is a rear entrance to the site off the west boundary with a bitumen drive linking the various buildings through to the basement access.</p><br>
<p>The balance of the site is a fenced off paddock to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Main (Institute) Building</h3><br>
<p>Exterior The Institute is a two-storey face-brick building with a sub-floor basement. The building is best described stylistically as being "stripped classical", given its symmetrical massing and emphasised classical portico. The classical idiom is maintained through the use of white marble for the entrance steps and cladding to the walls, columns and ceiling of the portico. Two pedestals intended to support sculptures flank the entrance which would have further emphasised the classical theme.</p><br>
<p>Low pedestals either side of the marble stairs have a rough textured finish. This finish appears to be a recent application.</p><br>
<p>The portico has a central glazed double door with sheet bronze finish. Surrounding the door, the portico is fully glazed in bronze framing. There is a marble spandrel panel above door height with obscure glazing above this.</p><br>
<p>The windows to the east and west wings of the northern facade are made up of 15 pairs of vertically proportioned, painted timber windows set between painted plastered columns at ground and first floor. At each level, a painted concrete canopy projects over the windows. There is a painted concrete sill which projects slightly.</p><br>
<p>The face-brick wall is capped with what appears to be a painted sheet metal coping (probably covering the original coping).</p><br>
<p>The east elevation has been plastered and painted. Three painted timber framed windows at ground level serve the Directors Office. The frames of two smaller windows to the toilet have replaced with aluminium.</p><br>
<p>A vertical construction joint divides the south (rear) elevation marking the junction of the 1953 and 1966 construction phases. The slight difference in the colour and texture of the bricks is apparent.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation is occupied almost entirely by two continuous bands of windows following an identical pattern to the north elevation but without the projecting centre bay. At ground floor level two doors interrupt the pattern at the eastern end and toward the centre two window bays have been removed and in filled with fibre cement boarding and an aluminium window. At the western end a vehicle ramp leads down to a roller shutter door to the basement.</p><br>
<p>The only penetration in the west elevation is a doorway inserted to link to the covered walkway to the Conference Hall. The words "Sugar Research Institute" are fixed to the wall at first floor level.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the Main Building is a low-pitched Dutch gable covered with corrugated, asbestos cement roofing sheets. It is set behind a substantial parapet wall on all four sides. Four prominent, sheet metal rain water heads are set symmetrically on the surface of the brickwork on both of the north and south elevations and drain into sheet metal, rectangular section, surface mounted downpipes.</p><br>
<h4>Interior Basement</h4><br>
<p>The basement is a utilitarian space extending under the west wing of the Institute. It is accessed from a staircase below the main staircase in the entrance hall and from a vehicle ramp at the south west corner at the rear of the building. There is also an open well at the northwest corner of the building which gives access to ground and first floor from the basement. A goods hoist and beam are suspended below the first floor ceiling. A steep, steel industrial staircase and balustrade connects the three levels.</p><br>
<p>The walls and ceiling are unfinished concrete and the floor has a smooth cement render finish.</p><br>
<p>The plant located in the basement is presumably part of the air- conditioning installation and electrical distribution. Other plant and installations presumably relate to the laboratory functions on the first floor.</p><br>
<h4>Ground floor</h4><br>
<p>The ground floor of the Institute building is primarily made up of offices, lecture rooms, and other administrative spaces. All open off a central corridor running the length of the building from the central entrance hall.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall is an impressive double volume with the marble finish of the portico carried through to the stair treads, skirtings and the internal masonry faces of the window wall. The floor has a glass mosaic finish in a simple two-tone grid pattern with a ceramic tile skirting. The walls generally have a rough plaster and paint finish. The ceiling, as for most of the building, is made up of gypsum plaster panels with acoustic perforations.</p><br>
<p>There is a timber lined opening into the adjoining office which served as an enquiries counter. This office also contains a strong room, the door manufactured by Ajax safe manufacturing company of Sydney.</p><br>
<p>Glazed double doors open off the south wall of the entrance hall into a library/lecture hall. There is an etched border to each glass panel and what appears to be stylised sugar crystal etched in the centre.</p><br>
<p>Offices opening off the corridor are cross ventilated with vertical, adjustable, obscure glass louvers in timber frames above door head height. The louvers as well as some fixed glazing panels also provide borrowed natural light for the corridor.</p><br>
<p>The different construction periods of the east and west wings is evident in the finishes and fittings. In the earlier east wing more is made of timber finishes, in particular the use of panelling (in the director&#39;s office) where Queensland Silky Oak veneer panels are framed with Queensland maple. Queensland maple is used throughout the building for skirtings, architraves, jamb linings, hand rails and fittings.</p><br>
<p>The office partition walls are of painted framed hardboard to both wings. The west wing however appears to have undergone more change and ad hoc rearrangement of the walls. The east wing retains much of the original layout and fabric.</p><br>
<p>Door handles to the east wing are a distinctive lever type while those to the west wing are plain, stainless steel knob-sets.</p><br>
<p>The toilets in the east wing are largely in original condition. Floors are glass mosaic with ceramic tile skirtings. Cubicle panels are terrazzo. Splash-backs to the hand basins and to the urinal are ceramic tiled. Walls are painted. Cubicle doors are painted timber with an unusual scalloped top and bottom. Towel rails and toilet roll holders appear to be original and match the door furniture. A number of the sanitary fittings appear to be original.</p><br>
<p>Vinyl (possibly asbestos) floor tiles were used throughout the building. A number of offices have been carpeted, usually directly over the vinyl. In some areas the vinyl tiles have been replaced with new tiles.</p><br>
<p>Ceilings are generally gypsum plaster with acoustic perforations and may be fixed directly to the concrete slab. In the west wing there is some variation in the size and pattern of the panels.</p><br>
<p>Air conditioning has been introduced into the offices in an ad hoc manner but without serious damage to the fabric. A duct runs above the window head on the south elevation of the east wing. In the west wing ducting has been located above a lowered ceiling to the corridor. Elsewhere ducting and plant have been hidden behind walls and in sections of lowered ceiling.</p><br>
<h4>First floor</h4><br>
<p>The first floor of the Institute building is primarily made up of laboratory and ancillary spaces. A central corridor opens off the upper level of the entrance hall. The corridor merges into large laboratory spaces at the end of each wing.</p><br>
<p>The upper level of the entrance hall is in the form of a gallery overlooking the entrance. The words "ER Behne Laboratory" are located on the south wall at the head of the stairs. The words "ER Behne Laboratory" are located on the south wall at the head of the stairs. The laboratory is named for Edmund Rowlands Behne who was on the Board of Directors of the Institute from 1949-1975 serving as Deputy Chairman between 1964-1973 and as Chairman from 1973-1975.</p><br>
<p>The colours of the glass mosaic floor below are repeated, without the grid pattern. The steel balustrade and timber hand rail continue round the gallery. Male and female toilets open off the east side of the gallery.</p><br>
<p>As with the ground floor, the east wing is the more unified in its detail design and use of fittings and fixed furniture. While laboratory fittings in both wings are in similar configurations, their detailing, fittings and tap ware are distinctive. The fittings in the east wing are generally more robust and carefully detailed. Those in the west wing are a mix of open benches and units similar to those in the east wing. There has been a considerable amount of alteration to all the laboratories with the installation of equipment such as fume cupboards and electrical installations.</p><br>
<p>The laboratory at the eastern end of the east wing has a quarry tile floor which may be a later addition. Elsewhere floors are vinyl tile, some of which show signs of heavy use.</p><br>
<p>As with the ground floor air conditioning has been introduced to various parts of the upper floor in an ad hoc manner. Some areas have lowered ceilings concealing the ducting while in other areas (mainly the east wing) the ducting has been located in the roof space.</p><br>
<h3>Garage Building</h3><br>
<p>Three single garages are linked at ground level via a short passage to the east wing of the Main building. The north wall is plastered and painted with the words "Sugar Research Institute" fixed to the top of the wall. The plaster has horizontal coursing marks. The remaining walls are face-brick. The roof is low pitched, hipped, covered with corrugated asbestos cement tiles and set behind parapet walls. There is a marble coping to all the parapets.</p><br>
<p>The garage doors are roller shutters, but the timber frames indicate that there were originally side-hung double doors.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the garages was not viewed.</p><br>
<h3>Director's Residence</h3><br>
<p>The Director&#39;s residence is attached to the garage building. It has a hipped, corrugated asbestos cement tiled roof which is contiguous with the garage roof; however over the house the parapet wall gives way to overhanging eaves. Walls are face-brick and doors and windows are timber casements and painted white.</p><br>
<p>Brick stairs lead up to the recessed entrance. The lawn is ramped up to the bi-fold doors of the living room. At the rear of the house a raised semi-enclosed, covered patio area opens onto an informal garden area. The garden is enclosed with pool fencing.</p><br>
<p>Internally the Directors residence has generous living and dining areas located to the east of the entrance and the bedroom wing to the west. The bedrooms open to the north off a long passage while bath room, toilet and kitchen open to the south. A servery area is located between the kitchen and dining room.</p><br>
<p>The living/dining areas have fixed timber shelving and cupboards and in each bedroom an entire wall is fitted out with cupboards, shelving and drawers. The kitchen fittings are similarly ample. The joinery is generally of a high standard. Several units have a painted finish but it is likely that all were originally varnished.</p><br>
<p>Floors are timber and appear to have been sanded and sealed with a polyurethane finish. Bedroom floors have been carpeted. The kitchen and bathrooms have recent vinyl sheet coverings. Walls are generally plastered and painted. Ceilings to the bedrooms appear to be original plaster board with rounded cover strips and moulded cornices. The living/dining area appears to have a recent plasterboard ceiling. The passage and entrance area has a recent lowered ceiling to accommodate air conditioning ducting.</p><br>
<h3>Workshop</h3><br>
<p>The workshop building has a short covered link to the rear of the Main building and forms part of the original construction. It has subsequently become totally enclosed by later structures forming covered parking areas and workshop extensions. The hipped roof of corrugated asbestos cement tiles and the face-brick external walls however remain largely intact although there have been door and window insertions.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building consists of several rooms with bench space and stainless steel sinks. One room is fitted out as a darkroom.</p><br>
<h3>Charles Young Conference Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Charles Young Conference Hall and laboratories is a single storey brick building located to the west of the main building and connected via a covered walkway. The covered walkway is the strongest feature of the building forming a veranda and covered entrance to the Conference Hall. It consists of a heavy painted concrete canopy and projecting beams supported on dressed concrete columns.</p><br>
<p>The conference hall has a large span roof with a pre-coated profiled steel roofing sheet covering. It follows a roughly mansard form rising above low parapets.</p><br>
<p>The Conference hall building is a simple rectangle with a covered walkway on the east side. Walls are rectangular face-brick panels with narrow, full-height slot windows in between. These windows are all covered with a decorative, pre-formed aluminium sheet sun- screening. Areas opening on to the veranda have full-height aluminium framed glazing and doors.</p><br>
<p>A wing of offices and laboratories extends to the east of the hall behind the Main (Institute) building. This wing has a low pitched gabled roof finished as for the hall roof with boxed-in eaves. Walls are of face-brick. Windows and doors are aluminium framed.</p><br>
<p>Internally the conference hall is a large clear space with vinyl floor tiles, face-brick walls and large coffered ceiling panels. The hall is well provided with conference facilities.</p><br>
<p>The office/laboratory area has vinyl tile floors; exterior walls are plastered and painted while all internal subdivision of spaces is made up of light aluminium framed partitioning system with timber ply panels and clear glazing above door head height. Fittings are generally made up of Formica finished panels on steel framing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Sugar Research Institute & Residence was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 March 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The sugar industry, its processes and way of life has made an influential contribution to the pattern of Queensland society and environment.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Sugar Research Institute is significant for its part in the development of Queenslands sugar history as a non-Government sugar industry funded and controlled research centre with the construction in 1953 of the western section of the main Institute Building, the Directors Residence and a Utilities Building and in 1966 the eastern section of the main Institute Building and later in 1973 the construction of the Charles Young Conference Hall.</p><br>
<p>The research undertaken at the Sugar Research Institute continued, complemented and surpassed the earlier Sugar Experiment Station. The construction of the Sugar Research Institute provides tangible evidence of the commitment that was given by the sugar industry to sugar research and particularly, the development of the Mackay district as the geographical centre for sugar research and production in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Sugar Research Institute in particular the Main Building, the central part of the workshops, Directors Residence and the circular driveway is significant as a good example of the work of the important and influential architect Karl Langer. It is an inventive and pioneering solution to the problem of architectural design in Queensland under post-World War II building restrictions. Through the decorative restraint evident in the facade detailing and composition, the efficient but spacious planning of the building including its northern orientation, the main institute building is an excellent example of Langers pioneering the use of climatic design in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Sugar Research Institute is significant for its landmark quality including the royal palms (Roystonea regia) that line the roadside perimeter of the site and for the landscape design of the Nebo Road frontage, including the lawns, drive, and low brick fence. The palms were planted in 1954 and represent the Sugar Research Institute&#39;s member mills.</p><br>
<p>The institute building is significant as an example of Karl Langer&#39;s work where the decorative restraint evident in the simplicity of the facade detailing and compositional qualities creates particular visual merit. Despite the surrounding area being largely built up, the Sugar Research Institute maintains its distinctive aesthetic qualities (namely its setting, form, composition and condition) and consequently retains its landmark quality in its position along Nebo Road.</p><br>
<p>WH Paxton & Co. Buildings is a heritage-listed group of offices and warehousing at 10 River Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. The 1899 sections were designed by Mackay architect Arthur Rigby and constructed by Charles Porter  and Joseph Vidulich . The 1912 warehouse extension was designed by Brisbane architect Montague Talbot Stanley. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This former offices and warehouse, constructed in 1899 with additions, was built for wholesale merchants and shipping agents WH Paxton & Co, which from the late 1880s was a subsidiary of McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. The 1899 sections were designed by Mackay architect Arthur Rigby and constructed by Charles Porter (office building) and Joseph Vidulich (warehouse). The 1912 warehouse extension was designed by Brisbane architect Montague T Stanley.</p><br>
<p>Mackay was declared a port of entry and clearance in February 1863, following the opening of the Pioneer River district to pastoral settlement in 1862. Early activity centred on the south bank of the river, along River Street. Stores were constructed to receive wool from the hinterland and dray-loads of copper from Peak Downs. With the establishment of the sugar industry in the hinterland in the late 1860s local agitation for improved facilities at the river port resulted in the construction of a government wharf at River Street, Mackay, opened in September 1868.</p><br>
<p>Despite several inquiries and reports on the need for improved deepwater port facilities, activity associated with the successful operation of the port of Mackay remained centred on River Street until the mid-twentieth century. Wharves, warehouses, offices, ships&#39; chandleries, boat builders, hotels and boarding houses created a busy precinct along the waterfront and at the northern ends of the streets feeding into River Street, such as Wood, Sydney, Brisbane, Carlyle and Tennyson streets.</p><br>
<p>Following the opening of the railway from Mackay inland along the Pioneer River valley in 1885, a much-used branch line was continued along River Street to service the port area. The new brick Mackay Customs House was constructed in 1901 in the centre of the riverfront precinct to replace the timber customs house built in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>WH Paxton & Co was one of several large merchantile firms established in River Street to serve the shipping trade at the port of Mackay. These included Shepherd&#39;s Anvil Stores Pty Ltd (established 1873); James Croker & Sons (established 1889); J Michelmore & Co. (established 1891); and the offices of the Adelaide Steamship Company (erected in 1900).</p><br>
<p>William Henry Paxton came to Mackay in 1874 as manager for W Sloane & Co., a Victorian-based company with interests in a number of Mackay district sugar mills. By 1876 he had established WH Paxton & Co. as shipping, insurance, stock and station and general agents (including the agency for W Sloane and Co.) and wholesale merchants (including general hardware, wine and spirits, and produce). By 1886 the firm was trading in goods as diverse as plantation rice, flour, teas, maize, hessian bags, coal, tobacco, golden syrup, sugar and rum.</p><br>
<p>WH Paxton also held substantial mining interests, being a director of the Mount Orange Copper Mining Company, formed in 1877, and a shareholder in the Mount Britton Goldfield Company Limited, registered in 1882. He was mayor of Mackay in 1880. In 1883 he left Mackay for England and subsequently died in Melbourne in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Paxton had obtained the Mackay agency for the lucrative trade with the Australian-owned Australasian Steam Navigation Company (the ASN Co.). In 1887 the ASN Co. merged with the Queensland Steam Ship Company Ltd (the QSS Co.) as the largely British-owned Australasian United Steam Navigation Company (AUSN Co.), which became Australias largest and most successful coastal shipping line. When news of his death reached Mackay in August 1887, flags over the AUSN Co.s steamers in port were flown at half mast as a mark of respect.</p><br>
<p>Despite the early death of the firm&#39;s founder, WH Paxton & Co. continued to expand its operations in Mackay. By 1888 WH Paxton & Co. was also the Mackay agent for the British India and Queensland Agency (the BI & Q Agency), a subsidiary of the British India Steam Navigation Company (the BI Co.). The BI & Q Agency, registered in London but with the head office located in Brisbane, was formed in 1885 and had managed the merger of the ASN and QSS companies. Its principal proprietors were MacKinnon, McKenzie & Co. (British proprietors of the BI Co.), Gray, Dawes & Co. and McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. (based in Melbourne and London).</p><br>
<p>In August 1889 McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. of London, Antwerp and Melbourne, which had acquired the Rockhampton-based firm of Walter Reid & Co in 1881, purchased WH Paxton & Co. at Mackay. As in Rockhampton, where McIwraith McEacharn & Co. continued to operate under the name Walter Reid & Co., the firm continued to operate in Mackay as WH Paxton & Co.</p><br>
<p>McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. operated their own shipping interests between the United Kingdom and the Australia-Pacific zone in association with the BI & Q Agency, in which it held an interest, and the AUSN Co. The firm was significant in developing the frozen meat trade between Australia and Britain. Along with the Adelaide Steamship Company and Howard Smith, McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. and the AUSN Co. were significant pioneers of Australia&#39;s coastal shipping.</p><br>
<p>WH Paxton and Co.&#39;s offices and warehouse were located near what is now 25 River Street until 1899 when new, larger, purpose-designed premises were constructed for the firm at 10 River Street, on a site acquired by the ASN Co. (later the AUSN Co.) in November 1865, and adjacent to what was by then the AUSN Co. wharf.</p><br>
<p>The new premises were designed by prominent local architect Arthur Rigby. The materials remained modest: timber-framed, with single-skin walls of corrugated iron or chamferboard. The two-storeyed section, constructed by local builder Charles Porter, was completed in August 1899. The attached single-storeyed warehouse, erected by Joseph Vidulich, was completed a little later.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed building contained storage space on the ground floor and offices (general and managers) and sample room on the first floor. One of the features of the office building was the provision made for ventilation and light:"The main office - 41 ft long and 31 ft wide, and 14ft from floor to ceiling - contains 15 windows, and is lined with pine suitably varnished. In the centre of the roof is a fret-work ventilator 25 ft long by 2ft 6 in wide, of elaborate design."In June 1912 Brisbane architect Montague Talbot Stanley, son of former Queensland Colonial Architect FDG Stanley, called tenders for the erection of additions and alterations to WH Paxton & Co.s premises in Mackay. This was likely when the double-gabled warehouse extension was constructed, and reflects the expansion of the company in the early decades of the twentieth century as the Queensland economy boomed.</p><br>
<p>Other warehouses, wharves and offices were built along River Street in the early years of the twentieth century, making River Street a hive of shipping and port activity. The Adelaide Steamship Company had constructed warehouses by 1900; J. Michelmore & Sons had erected their landmark warehouse and main office building in River Street, at the end of Sydney Street; and James Croker & Sons had constructed their own wharf by 1917.</p><br>
<p>In December 1914 McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. transferred title to 10 River Street to WH Paxton & Co. Ltd, likely in connection with wider corporate amalgamations in the Australian coastal shipping industry at this time. In 1914 the BI Co. combined with the Peninsula & Oriental Steam Navigation Co. (P&O) in one of the biggest shipping mergers in British history. Although the BI Co. initiated and retained the dominant interest in this merger, the combine traded under the P&O name. The subsidiary AUSN Co. retained its name but as a consequence of the merger, its management passed from the BI&Q Agency (in which McIlwraith McEacharn held a substantial interest) to MacDonald Hamilton & Company, P&O&#39;s Australian agents. At Mackay, however, WH Paxton & Co. remained the shipping agent for the AUSN Co. and also picked up the P&O line of steamers.</p><br>
<p>Between 1914 and 1946 P&O acquired more than a dozen shipping companies and by 1929 WH Paxton & Co. was the Mackay shipping agent for the AUSN Co., P&O Branch Service (via the Cape and Suez), the Eastern and Australian Steamship Co, and the Union Steamship Co. Ltd of New Zealand, as well as agent for the insurance company Lloyd&#39;s of London and sub-agent for Anglo Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd.</p><br>
<p>"A Souvenir of Mackay and District" published in 1937 described WH Paxton & Co as one of the largest companies of its kind in Queensland, but the firms connection with the shipping trade was about to decline. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s extensions to Queenslands railway network reduced the dependence of the Mackay region on sea transport. Furthermore, the opening of a Mackay deep-water harbour in 1939 changed the focus of port activity from the River Street wharves to the harbour and much of the riverside stores and infrastructure gradually became redundant. Until the late 1950s, however, River Street remained dominated by the long-established firms of Michelmore & Co; Shepherd&#39;s Anvil Stores; James Croker & Co and WH Paxton & Co.</p><br>
<p>As Australia&#39;s coastal shipping trade declined in the 1960s, McIlwraith McEacharn joined with the Adelaide Steamship Co. in 1964 to create Associated Steamships Pty Ltd. By the 1970s WH Paxton & Co was experiencing losses in its wholesale department due to changes in shopping practices from the 1950s and the shift from coastal shipping to rail and road transportation. By 1975 the firm had been wound down, and 10 River Street was sold by July 1980. The building remained in use by APG, a company dealing with curtains, blinds and similar household furnishings. During its occupation of the building the warehouse floor was cemented and the initials "APG" were painted on the roof of the office building.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 a new levee bank was constructed along River Street and the landmark J Michelmore & Co. warehouse was the first of the early shipping agency and wholesale importer premises to be demolished. Subsequently demolished structures included Shepherds Anvil Stores Pty Ltd and James Croker & Sons Victoria Wharf. Hotels along River Street, including the Prince of Wales, Leichhardt and the Crown and Anchor, were demolished more recently.</p><br>
<p>WH Paxton and Co.s Offices and Warehouse survives as one of the few remaining places associated with the former shipping activity along River Street, which consolidated the importance of Mackay as a river port between 1863 and 1939. Other surviving buildings along the eastern end of River Street connected with former port activity include the Customs House (1901), the former Adelaide Steamship Company offices (1900) and Hossacks Store (formerly a ships chandlery).</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Paxton Natural Therapies Clinic operate from the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former WH Paxton & Co buildings comprises a number of attached timber structures located on the bank of the Pioneer River, fronting River Street. The northern ends of these structures are constructed on a timber-decked wharf jutting into the river, supported on concrete and timber piles driven into the mud. The place is visible from the river and from Forgan Bridge, and contributes to the historical streetscape along River Street.</p><br>
<p>The premises comprises three sections: at the western end of the site, a two-storeyed, timber-framed building (1899), originally designed as offices and sample room on the upper floor and as a store on the ground floor; an attached single-storey warehouse on the east side of the office building; and a large volume, timber-framed warehouse extension, attached to the eastern end of the 1899 warehouse.</p><br>
<h3>Offices, sample room and store (1899)</h3><br>
<p>This two-storeyed, timber-framed building has a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron. All the exterior walls are clad with metal sheeting, some corrugated iron, but much of it later ribbed steel which appears to have replaced early corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>On the upper level on the west and north sides of the building there is an open verandah, overlooking the Pioneer River to the north. This has a separate roof clad with corrugated iron, and supported in part on early bracketed timber posts. Part of the verandah on the western side of the building retains an early dowel balustrade. A flagpole is attached to this part of the verandah. The exterior wall of the upper floor, where sheltered by the verandah, is of exposed timber stud- framing, lined with chamferboards. Several timber-framed windows and timber French doors open onto the verandah from the first floor offices. Beneath the upper floor verandah the lower level, enclosed with corrugated iron sheeting by at least 1937, is now clad with later ribbed steel sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the office building is at its south-west corner on River Street. It is marked by a timber batten arch and is accessed via a short timber stair. Just inside the entrance there is a timber staircase to the left. This is of two straight flights with a landing in the middle, and accesses the northern end of the upstairs verandah. There is a concrete strong-room or safe with a thick steel Chubb door near the front entrance, between the staircase and the exterior metal cladding.</p><br>
<p>The former store on the ground floor has been converted into offices with a suspended ceiling and modern fit-out.</p><br>
<p>The first floor area retains its early timber floorboards, interior partitioning, picture rails, and deep skirting boards. Early panelled timber doors and moulded timber architraves also exist throughout this level. The ceiling is lined with early, narrow, jointed timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>Warehouse</h3><br>
<p>This single-storeyed, timber-framed structure with a hipped roof adjoins the east side of the two-storeyed building. Roof and walls are clad with metal sheeting, much of it later ribbed steel. It has the same early, closely boarded lining to the eaves as the office building.</p><br>
<p>A photographs shows a loading area under a wide cantilevered, skillion awning along the River Street frontage of the warehouse and part of the 1899 office building; however, no evidence of this awning and loading dock appears to survive.</p><br>
<h3>Warehouse extension</h3><br>
<p>The warehouse extension at the western end of the site is attached to the warehouse. It occupies a large space and is fully enclosed with metal cladding except for doorways. It has a timber-framed double gable roof supported on stout stop-chamfered timber columns and trusses. The roof, like the exterior walls, is clad with later ribbed metal sheeting. The eaves are lined with widely spaced timber boards to assist with ventilation of the roof space.</p><br>
<p>The interior is unlined. The floors are timber but in sections have been covered with concrete; some of the timber flooring survives beneath the concrete.</p><br>
<p>Despite the internal alterations on the lower level of the two- storeyed section, and the later exterior cladding, the structure retains its early form and still demonstrates its early function as the offices, sample room, store and warehouse of a key Mackay shipping agency and general wholesaler at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>WH Paxton & Co buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1899 with additions, the former WH Paxton & Co buildings are significant for its association with Mackay as a major Queensland river port in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It demonstrates the pattern in Queensland&#39;s early settlement of establishing ports in sheltered rivers (for example, at Brisbane, Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville, Ingham and Normanton), most of which were later replaced by deep water ports at the mouth of the river.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former WH Paxton & Co buildings are significant as one of few surviving structures (including Mackay Customs House, Mackay Customs House) illustrative of the relationship between the Pioneer River, the sea trade, and the prominence of Mackay as a city river port in Queensland from the 1860s to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Very few warehouses constructed on timber wharves survive in Queensland&#39;s former river ports, and the wharf structure may date to the 1860s (this has not been confirmed). The former WH Paxton and Co. Offices and Warehouse on its timber wharf on the Pioneer River is now a rare surviving example of a type of structure once common in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former WH Paxton & Co buildings remains important in demonstrating many of the principal characteristics of a building designed to accommodate shipping offices and a wholesaling enterprise that combined warehousing, offices and display spaces within the one premises. The warehouse sections retain large interior volumes and well illustrate the use of heavy timber columns, bearers and trusses to support the roof. At the northern end the offices and warehouse spaces are constructed on a timber wharf over the Pioneer River, illustrating the close connection between the former shipping agency and Mackay&#39;s sea trade.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its long and special association with WH Paxton & Co, a longstanding Mackay-based mercantile company important in Queenslands economic history. Established in 1876, WH Paxton & Co. was associated with the place from 1899, when the structure was erected as purpose-built offices and warehouse for the company, until the firms closure.</p><br>
<p>The Vernon District Schoolhouse No. 4 is a historic school building at 4201 Fort Bridgman Road  in Vernon, Vermont. Built 1848, it is a well-preserved mid-19th century brick district school, which now serves as a local historical museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Vernon District Schoolhouse No. 4 is located in rural southern Vernon, on the east side of Fort Bridgman Road, just south of its junction with Pond Road. It is set on a lot overlooking the Connecticut River, which flows just to the east. It is a single story brick structure, with a gabled roof and brick foundation. The street-facing facade is three bays wide, each occupied by a sash window. The south facade has a bank of six sash windows, while the north side has none. A wood frame addition extends to the rear, with the main entrance in its southern facade, sheltered by a shed-roofed hood. Decorative detailing includes a band of corbeled brickwork in the cornices.</p><br>
<p>The main brick block of the school was built in 1848. One portion of the wood frame addition was added in 1924, at which time the school&#39;s interior was probably also remodeled, to bring the building in line with new state standards. The addition was enlarged in 1941, adding inside chemical toilets to the building, again in response to new state requirements for indoor bathroom facilities. The school remained in use until 1954, when the town consolidated its districts into a single elementary school. The school sat vacant until 1972, when it was adapted for use as a local history museum by Vernon Historians, the local historical society. It is one of three surviving district school buildings in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Lonoke Downtown Historic District encompasses a portion of the central business district of Lonoke, Arkansas. It extends south along Center Street, from the Lonoke County Courthouse to Front Street, and then one block east and west on both sides of Front Street. It extends eastward on the south side of Front Street another 1-1/2 blocks. Lonoke was founded as a railroad community in 1862, and this area represents the core of its downtown area for the period 1900-1945. Most of the district&#39;s 23 buildings are commercial structures, one to two stories in height, with brick facades.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. Previously listed contributing properties in the district include the Lonoke County Courthouse, the Joe P. Eagle and D. R. Boone Building, the Rock Island Depot, and the Lonoke Confederate Monument.</p><br>
<p>Gullmarn, also known as Gullmarsfjorden or Gullmaren, is a threshold fjord in the middle of the Bohuslän Archipelago on the west coast of Sweden. It is the largest of the Bohuslän fjords with a length of 25 km and a width ranging from 1 -. At its mouth, the depth is 45 m, plunging to 125 m at its greatest depth near Alsbäck. At its northern end the fjord branches into the Färlev and Saltkälle fjords.</p><br>
<p>Its shoreline has steep rock walls marked by many valleys containing streams and rivers. Deeply cut ravines are typical and steep cliffs alternate with sandy beaches and meadows.</p><br>
<p>The fjord was designated as Sweden&#39;s first marine conservation area in 1983. The nature reserve covers 16,499 hectare and parts of several municipalities. Because of the varying depths of the fjord the marine wildlife is abundant and diverse. There are many unique marine animals that are not found in the more shallow areas of the fjord. The shallow waters also provide habitat for a broad range of bird species. Three scientific research stations have been established in the conservation area.</p><br>
<p>World War I Cenotaph is a heritage-listed memorial at Jubliee Park, Alfred Street, Mackay, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Stephen Harvey and built from 1928 to 1929 by Melrose & Fenwick. It is also known as Mackay War Memorial and Jubilee Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cenotaph at Mackay was first unveiled on the southern bank of the Pioneer River adjacent to the Sydney Street Bridge in 1929. It was designed by Townsville architect Stephen Harvey and commemorates the 159 men from Mackay and its district killed in action during World War I (WWI). In 1945 the memorial was moved to the northern edge of Jubilee Park, which had been constructed during 1935-6 to honour the jubilee of King George V, on the southern half of a block bounded by Albert, Wellington, Gordon and Nelson Streets. Again, in 1973 when the Mackay City Council was planning its civic centre complex, the cenotaph was moved to the opposite side of the park fronting Albert Street. Here it has remained as a focus for Anzac and Remembrance Day services, other war memorials having since been erected around it.</p><br>
<p>Mackay, briefly called Alexandra, was named after John Mackay who led the European discovery and settlement of the Pioneer River and its district. The township was surveyed in June 1863, with the first allotments being offered for sale in Bowen in October. Two years after Mackays establishment, the first sugar cane was planted on the Pioneer Plantation, introducing to the region its key agricultural product and industry. The settlement and the port declared there otherwise served the districts pastoral industry. The first local government body formed in the region, the Mackay Municipal Council, held its inaugural meeting on 1 December 1869. Mackay was declared a town in 1902 and then a city in 1918.</p><br>
<p>The pre-Federation defence force drawn from the male citizenry of Mackay and its district formed a company of the famous Kennedy Regiment, which was the first Australian infantry unit mobilised at the outbreak of WWI (1914-1918). Many of its members volunteered to join the First Australian Imperial Force and a number distinguished themselves during the conflicts at Gallipoli and in France.</p><br>
<p>From Mackay, 1,594 men volunteered to serve, with another 36 coming from the nearby Nebo district. Mackay&#39;s cenotaph lists the names of 159 who were killed during active service; eight of whom were awarded military decorations.</p><br>
<p>Australia and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before WWI, the memorials erected in its wake becoming our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Whereas the few memorials commemorating the deaths associated with the Boer War (1899-1902) had been sited in cemeteries, these were erected at prominent sites in towns and cities around the country where they would serve as aides to memory. Memorials took a range of forms other than statuary, including honour boards, memorial gates and halls, and avenues of trees. Australia lost 60,000 lives from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on it.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them they were sacred; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East, British policy having decreed that its Empire&#39;s war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word cenotaph, commonly applied to war memorials at the time, means "empty tomb". As well as being symbols of national mourning these memorials were also affirmations of nationhood, the new nation and its army having proved its value on an international stage.</p><br>
<p>War memorials provide valuable evidence of a community&#39;s involvement in the war; not so readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit. Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste.</p><br>
<p>Before the construction of the Mackay cenotaph in 1929, Anzac Day in the city was commemorated by a procession of returned servicemen and the gathering of crowds around a Cross of Sacrifice, a temporary structure usually placed in a central location. Wreaths and floral tributes were laid around the cross and a simple ceremony performed, with music provided by local bands and speeches given by local dignitaries. By the mid 1920s a Fallen Soldiers Memorial Committee had formed to raise funds and organise the design of a more permanent monument, comprising about 20 members, including Mr G Hoffman, a returned soldier.</p><br>
<p>Several sites for this monument were considered by the committee, the preferred option being to secure a portion of the drill shed grounds for a memorial park and erect it there. Bounded by Gordon, Nelson, Alfred and Wellington streets, the area occupied by the drill shed and its grounds had always been intended as public open space, labelled a "square" in the first survey of the new township of Alexandra (later Mackay) by Surveyor Thomas Henry Fitzgerald in 1863. In 1881 the land was gazetted as a temporary drill shed ground reserve and had passed to the Commonwealth Government around the time of Federation for use by its Defence Department. Since the early 1920s the City Council had made several attempts to regain control of the land, bringing the matter before Prime Minister Stanley Bruce during his visits to Mackay in 1924 and 1927. But the conditions imposed by the Defence Department for releasing it, involving land swaps and improvements to the site, proved to be beyond the means of the council. Thus the memorial committee relinquished the drill shed site and an alternative one was chosen on a small reserve on the southern bank of the Pioneer River, opposite the Customs House and next to the Sydney Street Bridge (approx -21.1391&deg; latitude, 149.1870&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>In April 1928 it was announced that the design of Archibald Selwyn Harriss, a young architect working in Mackay, had been chosen for the monument. It was described in the Mackay Daily Mercury as "a vertical design with four steps supporting a beautiful column of polished granite 30 ft (9.144 m) high". Tenders were advertised in various newspapers, including the Brisbane Courier; however after tenders closed on 23 May the committee decided not to proceed with Harriss&#39; design. In July, it was reported that a Townsville architect, Mr Stephen Harvey, had visited Mackay and submitted a design for the monument, which was accepted. His design, of matching height to the earlier one, took the form of a column of white marble on a granite base. During a subsequent visit Mr Harvey measured levels at the River Street site before returning to Townsville to finalise details in preparation for calling tenders. These were advertised in late July.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Harvey was born in Sussex, England in and immigrated to Australia with his family in 1912-13. A joiner by trade, he had completed drawing and construction courses, and became an instructor in drawing for the Sussex County Council. After working for an architect Harvey began practicing in the early 1900s. Upon arrival in Australia, he worked in Toowoomba for two years before moving to Townsville, where he remained until his death in 1933. During his career in Townsville, Harvey was a well-known local architect who worked on a variety of civic and commercial projects. The Townsville Masonic Temple is one remaining example of his work (completed after his death). In 1918 he designed a large timber Roll of Honour board for the Townsville Town Hall, listing the names of all those who had served from the district (no longer surviving, name plaques alone re-installed in the new Town Hall).</p><br>
<p>The tender for constructing the Mackay fallen soldiers&#39; memorial was won by the well-known monumental masonry firm Melrose and Fenwick. Established in Townsville in the mid 1890s, Melrose and Fenwick grew to become the leading monumental masonry firm in northern Queensland, with branches in major centres such as Cairns and Charters Towers. The firm enjoyed continued success into the late 20th century and produced many war memorials including the: Finch Hatton War Memorial (erected 1921), Townsville War Memorial clock tower (completed 1924, part of Anzac Memorial Park and adjacent Banyan trees), and Cairns War Memorial (completed 1926).</p><br>
<p>The completed monument was unveiled on 24 April 1929, the day before Anzac Day. Its cost was approximately £2,000, of which £1,750 had already been subscribed. As reported in the Mackay Daily Mercury, during the unveiling ceremony the gratitude of the committee was expressed towards the architect, Mr Harvey, who, after supervising the erection of the monument, had forgone his fee. The various parts of the monument have symbolic meaning. The column was approached by three steps, which were always indicative of the approach to a shrine. Then came a solid base foundation surmounted by the plaque bearing the names of the heroic dead. Above that was the strong Doric column on top of which was the round symbol of empire, held in strong bands. Thus the sacrifice of the dead heroes was supported by a strong foundation of Christian faith, with the column of strength and right holding up the empire, which was banded together in bonds of unity.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these remarks about the cenotaph&#39;s symbolic elements, the three steps may correspond to those found on a Calvary cross used to mark Christian graves, which symbolise faith, hope and love (or charity). The granite pedestal was formed like a mausoleum, in this instance empty to recall the men buried where they fell. The pedestal and its flanking wall were decorated with Latin crosses, which are empty to remind observers of the resurrection of Jesus and the hope of eternal life.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay cenotaph is a good example of a large civic memorial, designed by an architect and crafted by a prominent firm of monumental masons. This type of monument-a pedestal and classical column surmounted by a sphere or orb-is one of a wide variety of symbolic forms employed after WWI throughout Queensland. Many symbols used were already familiar in grave monuments and included urns recalling the ancient Greek practice of placing cremated remains in funerary vessels, and broken columns representing lives cut short. One of the earliest WWI monuments in Australia took the form of a column and surmounting globe; that erected at Manly in Sydney and unveiled in 1916. Other examples of this type in Queensland include the Cardwell War Memorial (1922, masons Melrose and Fenwick) made from sandstone with a cross on top of the orb (symbolising Christian dominion over the world); Graceville War Memorial (1920) made from polished grey granite with a map of Australia and the word "ANZAC" etched on the polished granite ball; the Mitchell War Memorial (1927) with a polished red granite sphere supported by a simple granite column; and the Weeping Mother Memorial at Gatton (1922) made from polished and unpolished trachyte with a wreath around the surmounting globe. In other memorials the surmounting globe symbolised the broader concept of humanity.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay WWI memorial has some unique features, such as a bronze relief sculpture of the side profile of a helmeted head (symbolism unknown, possibly that of the Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare, Athena), not known on any other monument in Queensland. Also unusual is the low wall flanking the monument, a feature appropriate to its original location on the river bank, which clearly delineates a front to the cenotaph.</p><br>
<p>Efforts by the council to secure part of the drill shed grounds for a public park continued into the 1930s. The City of Mackay Town Planning Scheme of 1934, Queenslands first town planning scheme that went on to serve as a model for other of the states cities, recognised the need for the local authority to provide ample recreational areas for the city&#39;s growing population. An analysis of its existing parks at the time found them to be inadequate. The drill shed ground was identified in the Town Planning Scheme as an ideal site for a neighbourhood playground, due to its central position in a densely occupied residential area.</p><br>
<p>These efforts came to fruition with the construction of Jubilee Park during 1935-36, one of several projects carried out in Mackay by depression relief labour. It was built on the southern half of the block opposite the drill shed and was named to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the reign of King George V. Jubilee celebrations were held in the park on the 24 May 1935, when it was officially named by the Mayor, Mr G Moody, and a Jubilee tree was planted by his wife (this tree, a type of kauri pine, no longer exists). The band rotunda was officially opened later in the year on 22 December, again by Mayor Moody, who congratulated the city engineer and workmen for the design, solidity and finish of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Jubilee Park was laid out in a symmetrical pattern of two concentric paths surrounding the central band rotunda, from which four straight paths radiated out to each corner, along which were planted avenues of palms. Garden beds were sited at each park corner, where the straight paths ended and within the path rings. One bed retains its original sandstone edging; that on the western side of the rotunda. Over time, other memorial plantings were added, such as a large fig tree planted on the Wellington Street side of the park, one of four planted in the city to commemorate the coronation of King George VI in 1937. Coronation Day celebrations on 13 May, which saw over 1000 people gathered in the park to listen to a radio broadcast into the late hours of the night, was one of many large public events held at the park.</p><br>
<p>By 1945 the site of the cenotaph was being threatened by subsidence of the river bank and it was decided to move it to the drill shed grounds on the northern edge of Jubilee Park on axis with the band rotunda. When re-erecting the monument, the workers filled the base section with concrete. Anzac Day commemorations in 1946 were held at the new site and The Daily Mercury praised the wisdom of the new location and its appropriateness as the setting for the cenotaph.</p><br>
<p>The park and drill shed existed alongside each other for several decades. In 1965, the Mackay City Council finally became trustees of the land, it being declared in the Government Gazette on 23 October as a Reserve for Local Government (Park and Civic Centre) Purposes.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s and early 1970s, preparations were being made to establish a civic centre complex on the land to the north of the park. A larger area was required than was available there, and it was decided that a school reserve on the adjoining block should be utilised and the section of Nelson Street separating them closed off. The council proceeded with this plan, also acquiring most of the freehold properties on the adjacent block. By 1973, construction of the first stage of the civic centre project, an Administration Building, was underway. In order to make way for this building, the WWI memorial had to be relocated for a second time and was moved to the opposite end of Jubilee Park close to Alfred Street, again on axis with the band rotunda. This time, moving the base of the monument proved very difficult because of its concrete fill added during the 1945 relocation, which had attached it too firmly to the solid foundation. The column was lifted off, but despite a concerted effort with the city&#39;s largest crane, wedges and jacks, the base could not be moved. To avoid damaging the monument, a series of holes had to be drilled through the concrete base to weaken its hold on the foundations.</p><br>
<p>The Mackay Civic Precinct complex was completed in 1988 comprising the Sir Albert Abbott Administration Building, a library, civic centre and senior citizens building, arranged around a central fountain forming a southerly endpoint to Nelson Street. The library had been sited over the north-eastern corner of Jubilee Park, incurring the loss of some plantings and pathways. More recently an Entertainment Convention Centre has been erected to the east of the park and cenotaph.</p><br>
<p>Mackays World War I Cenotaph continues to be the main location for Anzac Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies in the city, attracting large crowds and conducted in a similar way to those of the 1930s. Jubilee Park has also become home to several other war memorials—the Mackay World War II Memorial, 2/12th Battalion Memorial, Vietnam War Memorial, and National Servicemens Memorial—further enhancing the appropriateness of the setting it provides for events commemorating the sacrifices made during war by the district&#39;s servicemen and women.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mackay&#39;s World War I Cenotaph is situated on the southern side of Jubilee Park in the centre of the city. With its tall white marble column rising above the canopies of adjacent trees, it is the most prominent feature of the park and forms part of a formal composition of paths, lawn, mature trees, garden beds, and structures such as a band rotunda and lamp posts. Retaining much of its original form and fabric, the park continues to accommodate many of the activities and events carried out there since its establishment. As a setting for the cenotaph, and several other war memorials, the park provides a tranquil gathering space for large crowds attending memorial services there, appropriate to the solemn nature of these events.</p><br>
<p>Occupying the south-west corner of a large block of land known as the Mackay Civic Precinct, Jubilee Park is bounded by Wellington Street to the west and Albert Street to the south. The northern edge of the park adjoins the Sir Albert Abbott Administration Building rear car park, while the north-eastern corner is truncated by the Mackay City Library. Along the park&#39;s eastern edge is another car park for the Entertainment Convention Centre. The car park areas that fall within the heritage boundary are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the parks early layout are the central band rotunda, circular paths around it and those radiating to the parks corners, the fig plantings to the west and east of the rotunda, the avenues of palms along each radial path, garden beds terminating its south-western and eastern corners, a sandstone-edged garden bed on the south-western side of the rotunda and eight lamp posts.</p><br>
<p>Around the central band rotunda are two concentric un-edged gravel paths. From the outer one of these three straight paths radiate to the park&#39;s corners. The fourth to the north-east has been removed with the construction of the library. Other changes to these paths include deviations at the ends of those on the north-west and south-east corners caused by the construction of car parks and new associated garden beds. Early palms line the straight paths and figs are grouped together symmetrically on the grassed areas between. Later trees are placed around the edges of the park, leaving the area around the central rotunda open. The park retains eight of its 12 original lamps posts: four surrounding the central rotunda and two each along the southern and western edges of the park.</p><br>
<p>At approximately nine metres high, the WWI Cenotaph is an imposing feature both within the park and along Albert Street, flanked by two trees, the canopies of which provide shaded gathering areas adjacent to the monument. The monument faces north, towards the band rotunda, with which it is aligned. A gravel pathway connects the monument to the outer circular pathway. The base of the cenotaph consists of three steps of pinkish-red terrazzo around three sides of a rectangular concrete foundation; however, the bottom step now sits level with a recent apron slab with pebblecrete finish. Approximately 60cm wide, this slab wraps around the entire monument. Flanking the main pedestal is a low wall with ornamental square pillars at either end. Made from polished and un-polished grey granite, the wall defines the rear edge of the monument and features inset panels of polished red granite. The three outer faces of the pillars have Latin crosses, created by a slightly raised polished surface on a rough background.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal is a square pillar with simplified classical detailing, made from polished and unpolished grey granite with inset panels of red granite. The base is slightly wider than the rest of the pedestal, displaying the dates 1914 - 1919 on its northern face. This lettering, etched into the granite, has been recently highlighted with white paint. A thin ledge separates the base from the middle section. The middle section consists of red granite panels framed by engaged square pillars of grey granite at each corner and each face displays a rectangular marble plaque with a curved top. The plaques to the north, east and west bear the 159 leaded names. The top of these three plaques each bear a short statement:GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN - FOR LIBERTY AND RIGHT - FOR GOD, KING AND COUNTRY. The plaque on the southern side, facing Albert Street, displays a bronze relief sculpture of the head of a helmeted soldier above lettering encased within a rectangular border:THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED TO THE MEN OF MACKAY AND DISTRICT WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE GREAT WAR.The corner pillars have simply moulded bases and capitals and are slightly tapered. They support an entablature comprising a large fascia of grey granite and a small cornice. The inscription:REX - GLORIA - PATRIAEalso highlighted with white paint, is on the northern side of the entablature.</p><br>
<p>Surmounting the entablature is a tall, fluted Doric column of white marble. Constructed from at least four marble sections joined by mortar, it appears additional fixing to the pedestal is provided by bolts passing through the bottom of the base, two on each side. A dark grey vein running though the marble at an angle gives the impression of a cracked or broken column. The column supports a marble orb with intersecting double meridian lines, made from raised strips of metal.</p><br>
<p>Jubilee Park&#39;s rotunda has an octagonal pyramid roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting, supported on eight round concrete columns with simplified classical detailing at the base and capital. It stands on a raised concrete platform and has concrete steps on the southern side, facing the cenotaph. There is no balustrade and a garden bed runs around the edges. The ceiling is ornamented with a raised geometric pattern with art deco influences. The eight lamp posts are also made of concrete, with a simplified classical plinth and an eight sided, slightly tapered post. The lanterns have been replaced with modern casings but are fixed to an early metal capital.</p><br>
<p>Additional war memorials have been located within the park, occupying the edges of the south-western corner and facing in towards the rotunda. Closest to the WWI Cenotaph is a World War II memorial of black polished granite with gold lettering. The next memorial consists of two plaques; one dedicated to the members of the 2/12 Battalion of WWII and the other a National Serviceman&#39;s Memorial, attached to separate sloping grey granite blocks on a shared, granite-clad base. Backing on to Wellington Street is a Vietnam War Memorial, with a white freestanding cross, white posts marking a rectangular piece of ground, and a brick wall with name plaques attached. A playground with two metal swing sets occupies the eastern side of the park and is not of state cultural heritage significance. Other elements within the park, such as park benches, metal light poles and recent signage, are also not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>A notable characteristic of the park are its mature trees, many dating from the 1930s. Avenues of royal palms (Roystonea regia) line both sides of the straight paths, with the best preserved avenue along that to the south-east. Clusters of mature fig trees stand on the eastern and western sides of the park, three on each side planted in a triangular formation. Providing large shaded areas, the spreading canopies of these trees extend over the road along the western boundary, and over the library building and the adjacent car park on the opposite side of the park. Some of these figs were planted to commemorate significant events. One, a Ficus nitida on the west side of the park, has a bronze plaque attached to a timber sign, stating that it was planted by Mrs G. Moody, Mayoress of Mackay, to commemorate the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on 12th May 1937. No other plaques or signs remain. Key sightlines through the park exist along the straight pathways towards the band rotunda, and from the centre of the park towards the Cenotaph.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>World War I Cenotaph and Jubilee Park were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Funded through public subscription, unveiled in 1929 on the southern bank of the Pioneer River and relocated to Jubilee Park in 1945, the World War I Cenotaph in Mackay, is important in demonstrating the profound impact made on Queensland communities by the great loss of life incurred by Australias involvement in this war and the ensuing efforts to memorialise those sacrifices. As well as expressing the grief and gratitude of the district for its fallen servicemen, this monument also illustrates the tenor of the new nations emerging identity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Cenotaph at Mackay is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a monument erected to commemorate World War I and its impact on the new nation of Australia. These characteristics include its composition of symbolic elements-such as the three steps to its base, the mausoleum form of its pedestal, white marble Doric column and surmounting globe-the names of fallen soldiers recorded on the plinth, and its location in a public place. The form and fabric of Jubilee Park serve as an appropriate setting for events focused on the cenotaph and the other war memorials erected nearby.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The World War I Cenotaph in Jubilee Park at Mackay is aesthetically significant for the accomplished composition of its design elements: the approach to a mausoleum-like pedestal representing the great loss of life incurred during this conflict and the wide-ranging grief expressed in response to the bodies of the fallen not being returned for local burial, its Latin crosses and three-stepped base recalling Christianity, its Doric column evoking the architecture of classical antiquity, and the surmounting globe of white marble symbolising allegiance to the British Empire and pride in the sacrifices made on its behalf by a new nation.</p><br>
<p>The aesthetic response evoked by this cenotaph is amplified by the high standard of design and workmanship it displays and the multiple viewpoints from which it can be appreciated both from within the park, as an appropriate setting for commemorative events or quiet contemplation, and from Alfred Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The World War I Cenotaph at Mackay has a strong and enduring connection with the districts community as a symbol of the sacrifices made by its volunteer servicemen during this global conflict. This association has been further enhanced by the installation of later war memorials nearby-the Mackay World War II Memorial, 2/12th Battalion Memorial, Vietnam War Memorial, and National Servicemens Memorial. The cenotaph and these memorials, as well as the formal setting provided by Jubilee Park and its arrangement of original structures, tree-lined paths, lawn and garden beds, are a focus for events held to commemorate these significant contributions.</p><br>
<p>Bowen Harbour Board Building is a heritage-listed office building at 6 Herbert Street, Bowen, Whitsunday Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1921. It is also known as Queensland Transport and McDonald Hamilton & Company. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bowen Harbour Board building was constructed in 1921 for Bowen shipping agents McDonald Hamilton & Company.</p><br>
<p>During the second half of the nineteenth century the expansion of settlement in North Queensland caused increasing problems with the carriage of freight to and from southern supply centres. In response to this problem the New South Wales Government, in 1859 (i.e. prior to the separation of Queensland), offered a reward for the discovery of a suitable harbour north of Port Curtis (Gladstone) that could be more easily accessed by northern settlers. Captain Henry Daniel Sinclair, owner of the Santa Barbara, who in August 1859 departed Sydney in order to locate such a suitable harbour, undertook this mission. On 15 October 1859 Sinclair&#39;s party found such a site, and subsequently named it Port Denison. The first settlers began arriving as early as 19 March 1861. The settlement was officially proclaimed on 11 April 1861 (after the separation of Queensland), and named Bowen after the Queensland Governor, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. The township of Bowen quickly grew to support the northern pastoral industry as a strategically placed supply centre and over the course of several decades the town developed into a thriving commercial port.</p><br>
<p>One contributing factor to the towns success was the management of its harbour, and therefore the efforts of its harbour board. The prospect of an official harbour board was first considered in 1913, when dissatisfaction among the Bowen Chamber of Commerce led to an inquiry into the financial arrangements of the port. The inquiry, dated 27 November 1913, found the current port revenue situation lacking, with the revenue at the time being insufficient to provide for the upkeep of the wharf, let alone improvements. As a result, the Bowen Harbour Board Act of 1914 was gazetted on 1 September 1914. The first meeting of the Board was held on 22 March 1915 in the Bowen Shire Hall, and the Boards by-laws were gazetted on 15 July 1915. Changes made to the system of revenue collection, such as charging for berthage, and changes to the haulage system, quickly resulted in the Harbour Board&#39;s revenue substantially increasing, and then annually increasing for a prolonged period thereafter. This in turn allowed further expansion of port facilities through the construction of new cargo sheds and facilities to accommodate the expanding range of export materials.</p><br>
<p>As the port developed so did the role of the Harbour Board. By 1933 the Board was seeking a new location for its offices. The building selected by the Board was constructed in 1921 for ship owners/agents, MacDonald Hamilton and Co., who occupied the site until closing their business in Bowen in 1930. When the Bank of New South Wales and the Australian Bank of Commerce merged in 1929, they purchased the building. In 1931 they moved back to the original Bank of New South Wales and auctioned the building to the Bowen Harbour Board for £1150. In the same year, the upper floor of the building was leased, for one pound per week, to a Mr A. V. Murrey (the only other bidder at the auction), who was the secretary of Bowen Consolidated Mines, Bowen Salt Ltd., Bowen Fire Brigade and the Bowen Chamber of Commerce. After his death in the 1950&#39;s his son Dennie Murray took over the lease, and remained until his death in 1960, at which time he was replaced as secretary by Mr Lew Head.</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Board building has sustained damage from cyclones on numerous occasions, including damage to its roof in 1959, after which the building was roofed with galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, Bowen Consolidated Mines moved from the building. They purchased the former Adelaide Steamship Company building next door and relocated. Bowen Salt Ltd. then took over the lease of the upper floor of the former MacDonald Hamilton & Company building until their own office accommodation was provided at the salt works on 23 June 1965.</p><br>
<p>After Bowen Salt Ltd moved the upper story of the premises remained vacant until 26 July 1967, when the Bowen Historical Society was offered the use of the area at a rental of 20 cents per week. The Society remained there until relocating to their current building in 1979. After this period the upper level of the premises was used variously by shipping agents, a solicitor and the Art&#39;s council in the establishment of the Dalrymple Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Board occupied the first floor up until 30 March 1985, at which time the Harbour Board was officially abolished as the port had been superseded by ports such as Townsville and was now obsolete as a commercial port. At this time the building was taken over by the Harbours and Marine Department.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the building was restored at an expense of $200,000 to house the Department of Harbours and Marine, and was further renovated in 1994 by Q-Build in conjunction with Project Services in order to add air conditioning and internal fit out.</p><br>
<p>In February 1998 the Queensland Heritage Council gave approval for the renovation of the ground floor. Works included construction of a new main entry, removal and re-positioning of the existing counter, provision of a new door opening and the provision of a set down area to the footpath on Dalrymple Street for vehicle inspection purposes.</p><br>
<p>Queensland Transport now occupies the front offices of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Bowen Harbour Board Building is located on the corner of Dalrymple Street and Herbert Street, the main street of Bowen. It is on the outskirts of the commercial area, and overlooks Port Denison to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-storeyed masonry building with a hipped corrugated iron roof. A single-storey wing projects from the rear of the building, with gabled roof and brick chimney. There is a timber verandah on the two street sides, which also returns to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>At the corner is a hexagonal turret with a pyramid roof and views over the bay.</p><br>
<p>The external masonry walls are finished with rough-cast in panels between shallow pilasters. The windows are double-hung timber, with 4-pane upper sashes and 2-pane lower sashes.</p><br>
<p>The verandah posts have post moulds and brackets, and a fibro valance. The underside of the verandah is corrugated steel.</p><br>
<p>The original main entrance from Herbert Street is raised several steps above the footpath. Recessed from the alignment the front doors are a pair of half-glazed French doors. A series of French doors provide access from the upper level to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The interior features silky oak counter, partitions, cupboards and staircase. The rear door to the stair has coloured glass panels.</p><br>
<p>A new entrance was installed in 1998. The entrance is through the side facade, off Herbert Street giving wheelchair access.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bowen Harbour Board Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Bowen Harbour Board building, constructed in 1921 for Bowen shipping agents MacDonald Hamilton and Company and occupied by the Bowen Harbour Board for sixty four years, has had a significant association with the development and consolidation of Bowen Harbour. The building has also made a major contribution to the commercial, social and cultural life of Bowen because of the occupation of office space by companies and community organisations such as Bowen Consolidated Mines Ltd, Bowen Salt Works, Bowen Historical Society, and the Arts Council&#39;s Bowen Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Board building located close to the harbour in Herbert Street, makes a substantial contribution to the historical commercial streetscape of Bowen. Its two-storey height, verandah detail and the octagonal turret with a pyramid roof make it a feature of the area close to the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has also made a major contribution to the commercial, social and cultural life of Bowen because of the occupation of office space by companies and community organisations such as Bowen Consolidated Mines Ltd, Bowen Salt Works, Bowen Historical Society, and the Arts Council&#39;s Bowen Art Gallery.</p><br>
